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Questions and Answers
What type of epithelial tissue would be found in the kidney tubules?
What type of epithelial tissue would be found in the kidney tubules?
Which of the following is a characteristic of elastic cartilage?
Which of the following is a characteristic of elastic cartilage?
What is the function of compact bone?
What is the function of compact bone?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the alveoli of the lungs?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the alveoli of the lungs?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
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What characterizes short bones?
What characterizes short bones?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting calcium deposition in bones?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting calcium deposition in bones?
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What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?
What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?
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Which part of a long bone is referred to as the epiphyseal plate?
Which part of a long bone is referred to as the epiphyseal plate?
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What is the function of articular cartilage on the epiphysis of long bones?
What is the function of articular cartilage on the epiphysis of long bones?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Terminology
- Brachial: Upper arm
- Buccal: Cheek
- Calcaneal: Heel of foot
- Carpal: Wrist
- Cephalic: Head
- Cervical: Neck
- Cranial: Skull
- Crural: Lower leg
- Digital: Fingers or toes
- Dorsal: Back
- Frontal: Forehead
- Gluteal: Buttock
- Hallux: Great toe
- Inguinal: Groin
- Lumbar: Back between ribs and pelvis
- Mammary: Breast
- Mental: Chin
- Nasal: Nose
- Oral: Mouth
- Orbital: Eye
- Palmar: Palm of hand
- Patellar: Kneecap
- Pelvic: Pelvis
- Pubic: Anterior pelvis
- Sural: Calf
- Tarsal: Proximal foot and ankle
- Thoracic: Chest
- Umbilical: Navel
Tissue Organization
- Four major tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
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Structure and Types:
- Simple: Single layer
- Stratified: Two or more layers
- Pseudostratified: Appears multi-layered, but all cells touch the basement membrane.
- Squamous: Flat, irregular shape
- Cuboidal: Same size on all sides, central nucleus
- Columnar: Taller than wide, oval nucleus at basal region
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Examples (from lecture):
- Simple squamous: Alveoli (lungs)
Bone Tissue
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General Functions: Support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral and energy storage.
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Compact vs. Spongy Bone (structural differences):
- Compact bone: Solid, dense, outer layer of long and flat bones
- Spongy bone: Open lattice of trabeculae, inner layer of bones
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Bone Classification by Shape:
- Long bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur)
- Short bones: Nearly equal length and width (e.g., tarsal and carpal bones)
- Flat bones: Thin surfaces (e.g., frontal bone)
- Irregular bones: Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae)
Gross Anatomy of Long Bone
- Diaphysis: Elongated, cylindrical shaft
- Epiphysis: Enlarged, knobby regions at each end
- Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis containing the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).
- Articular cartilage: Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis, reducing friction and absorbing shock.
- Medullary cavity: Hollow space in diaphysis, containing yellow or red bone marrow.
Bone Cells and their Roles
- Osteocytes: Reside in lacunae, maintains matrix, detects mechanical stress.
- Osteoprogenitor cells: Mesenchymal stem cells in endosteum and periosteum; produce more stem cells or osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts: Form bone matrix.
- Osteoclasts: Large, multinuclear cells that dissolve bone matrix, releasing calcium.
Hormones Regulating Calcium Levels
- Growth hormone: Promotes bone elongation
- Thyroid hormone: Stimulates bone growth by increasing osteoblast metabolic rate.
- Calcitonin (thyroid): Promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity
- Parathyroid hormone: Increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts.
- Sex hormones: Stimulate osteoblasts; promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure.
- Glucocorticoids: Chronically high levels cause bone resorption and loss of bone mass (osteoporosis).
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Description
This quiz covers essential anatomical terminology, including various body regions and their definitions. Additionally, it delves into the types and structures of epithelial tissue, along with the four major tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts in human anatomy.
