Anatomical Terminology and Physiology

Areas and Regions of the Body

• Axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular region includes the upper and lower limbs
• Cephalic refers to the head
• Cervical refers to the neck
• Axillary refers to the armpit
• Brachial refers to the arm
• Antecubital refers to the front of the elbow
• Antebrachial refers to the forearm
• Carpal refers to the wrist
• Palmar/volar refers to the palm
• Manual refers to the hand
• Digital/phalangeal refers to the fingers
• Trunk includes the thoracic (chest), abdominal (abdomen), and pelvic (pelvis) regions
• Coxa refers to the hip
• Femoral refers to the thigh
• Patellar refers to the anterior surface of the knee
• Crural refers to the shin
• Tarsal refers to the ankle
• Pedal refers to the foot
• Digital/phalangeal refers to the toes
• Occipital refers to the base of the skull
• Acromial refers to the shoulder
• Scapular refers to the shoulder blade
• Vertebral refers to the spinal column
• Olecranal/cubital refers to the back of the elbow
• Sacral refers to the region between the hips
• Coccygeal refers to the tailbone
• Gluteal refers to the buttock
• Perineal refers to the region between the anus and external genitals
• Popliteal refers to the hollow behind the knee
• Sural refers to the calf
• Plantar refers to the sole

Anatomical Terms

• Lateral denotes away from the midline
• Inferior denotes below
• Superior denotes above
• Distal denotes away from the point of attachment/trunk
• Proximal denotes towards the point of attachment/trunk
• Medial denotes towards the midline
• Midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves
• Frontal/coronal plane divides the body into front and back
• Hypogastric region contains the urinary bladder
• Right lower region is where the appendix is located
• Epigastric and left hypochondriac regions contain the stomach
• Plantar surface is the sole of the foot

Directional Terms

• Anterior (ventral) is toward the front of the body.
• Posterior (dorsal) is toward the back of the body.
• Inferior (caudal) is below another part of the body.
• Superior (cranial) is above another part of the body.
• Lateral is toward the side of the body.
• Medial is toward the middle of the body.
• Proximal is nearer to the point of attachment/trunk of the body.
• Distal is farther from the point of attachment/trunk of the body.
• Superficial is closer to the surface of the body.
• Deep is farther from the surface of the body.

Body Positions

• Supine is horizontal with the face and upper body facing up.
• Prone is horizontal with the face and upper body facing down.
• Right lateral recumbent is lying on their right side.
• Left lateral recumbent is lying on their left side.

Cavities and Organs

• Dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity (containing the brain) and the spinal cavity.
• Ventral cavity includes the thoracic cavity (containing the lungs and heart), abdominal cavity (containing digestive organs and kidneys), and pelvic cavity (containing reproductive organs and the bladder).

The Compound Microscope and the Cell: Cell Parts and Functions

• Nucleus directs all cell activities; is the "Brain or Control Center of Cell"
• Nuclear Envelope controls what passes in and out of the nucleus
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell; it’s a medium for chemical reactions
• Golgi Body packages proteins made by ribosomes to be sent out of the cell
• Mitochondria is the "Power house of the cell"; breaks down sugar molecules to release energy
• Vacuole are "Storage tanks"; holds food, water or waste for the cell
• Ribosome makes proteins for the cell; attaches to endoplasmic reticulum, or floats in the cytoplasm
• Endoplasmic Reticulum transports materials around in the cell
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum associates with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum makes lipids
• Lysosomes digests food and waste materials
• Nucleolus Condensed region where ribosomes are formed

QFR: Saline on Cells

• Normal saline (0.9% salt water) doesn't harm cells as it matches the salt inside
• This prevents water from moving in or out

QFR: Effects of Distilled Water on Cells

• Plain water makes cells swell and burst (osmosis) due to higher internal salt content
• Water rushes in and overwhelms the cell
• This is hypotonic.

QFR: Effect of 10% Saline on Cells

• Salty water (10% salt) makes cells shrink
• Water leaves to balance external salt
• This is hypertonic

QFR: Osmotic Pressure

• Osmotic pressure is determined by solute particle concentration and temperature
• Higher solute concentration increases osmotic pressure

QFR: Isotonic vs. Hypertonic Solutions

• 5% glucose and 0.9% saline act like normal saline to cells
• Sugar balances cell contents, salt cannot cross the cell membrane
• Water pulled out by saline above 0.9%

QFR: Microscope Image "e" Inversion

• The letter appears inverted because of the way light travels
• Light goes through the objective lens and the eyepiece lens

Parts of a microscope

• Eyepiece: the lens at the top that you look through
• Arm: supports the tube and connects it to the base
• Rack Stop: controls how far the stage can move up
• Stage Clip: holds the slide in place
• Coarse Focus: used to bring the specimen into approximate focus
• Fine Focus: used to fine-tune the focus and increase the clarity of the specimen
• Revolving Nosepiece: Holds 2 or more objective lenses that can be rotated to easily change magnification.
• Objective Lens: the lens closest to the object
• Stage: Supports the slide being viewed.
• Condenser: focuses light onto the specimen
• Illuminator: light source
• Base: supports the microscope

Human tissues:

• Smooth muscle tissue is the only example of muscle tissue that's involuntary.
• Striated muscle is a muscle tissue notable for striations found under a microscope.
• Human brown skin is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium tissue.
• Human cardiac muscle is found in muscle tissue.

Trachea Mammal Tissue Type

• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Bone Tissue Types

• Osseous tissue is found in ground bone samples.

Tissue Repair

• Tissue repair restores homeostasis by repairing damaged tissue from injury, infection, etc
• Helps the tissue regain structure and function, while maintaining the bodily balance.

Aging Effects on Tissues

• Both go through changes
• Change includes decreased cell, and increased cell proliferation

Atrophy

• Atrophy is the shrinking of tissue that occurs due to, genetics, aging, and a lack of excercise
• Atrophy also occurs due to injury

Intercalated Disk Function

• These disks enable connected contraction of heart muscle cells by using transmition
• This helps the electrical pulses

Essence of Striation

• The essence of stratitation the the organized arrangement of contractile proteins
• This provides structure
• This helps with the sliding filament mechanism

Integumentary System: Hair Follicle Anatomy

• Relevant parts are: hair shaft, medula, cortex.
• Relevant parts also include the sebaceous gland, dermal papilla, and the nerve.

Human Skin Conditions

• Freckles include small spots from ranging from red to brown.
• They show up on sun exposed areas.

Blackheads

• It appears as a dark spot
• Appears when pores become clogged with dead skin and excess oil.
• Results in the skin going dark

Urticaria

• Commonly known as "hives"
• A skin condition characterized by raised skin
• Can happen suddenlu

Abrasions

• A superficial rub or
• Wearing off the skin
• Usually caused by a scrape or a brush burn.

Abrasion

• A medical term that
• Refers to excesive sweatting

Type of Burns

• First-degree burn - is a burn to the top layer of skin
• Can be caused my electricity of sun.

Second-degree burn

• Caused by heat, electricity, or radiation
• Can be caused fron hot water or steam

Third-degree burn

• Damages the entire thickness of both layers
• Are stream, grease, or chemical burns

Chemical Composition Of Bone: Bone tissue function

• Compact bone tissues are present in the outer layer of tissue.
• Spongy bone tissues occur in the middle tissues

Osteogenic Cells

• When osteoblasts get trapped within the calcified matrix,
• Their structure and function changes
• they become osteocytes.

Cell Anatomy Terms

• Lower jawbone – mandible
• Cheek bones – zygomatic bones
• Eye sockets – orbits
• Skull - cranial

Bone First Aid

• Fracture a fracture is a break in a bone, and first aid for fractures
• Includes rest, ice, compression and elevation.

Joint First Aid

• Sprain - a stretching or tearing of the ligaments around a joint,
• Use the "RICE" method

Black Eye

• Also known as ecchymosis
• Is bruising around the eye that occurs
• Occurs when blood vessels break beneath the skin.

Musclar System

• Types are skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
• Smooth is located in interior structures.
• Cardiac is located in the heart.
• Skeletal is attached to limb.
• The muscular system is divided into thr axial and appendicular division
• This has 700 muscular muscles that differ widely
• The axial muscle support and positions while the appendicular muscle support, move and barce the limbs.

Smooth Muscle Traits

• Location is in the walls of internal organs
• Appears Homogenous with Myofibroblasts, collagen, elastin.
• Speed is relatively show with Autonomic NS

Cardiac Muscle Traits

• Location is in the Heart,
• Appears striated with Intercalated discs, and endomysium,

Skeletal Muscle Traits

• Location is attached to Bones,
• Appears distinctly striated with Epymysium, and endomysium components.
• This has is Relatively quick and uses is Somatic NS.

The collagen

• Collagen covering of skeletal muscles increase, and the number of muscle fibers decrease with age.
• Younger animals are more tender than older animals due to this.

Muscle Spasm

• A forceful and involuntary contraction of a muscle,

Muscle tone

• A painful, as a well
• Includes electrolyte imbalance or

Muscle atrophy

• The loss of muscle tissue, resulting in muscle weakness
• Includes increased mass and size, strength, and exercises • Dislocated ribs - occurs when a rib moves out of its normal position in the chest.

Dislocated Ribs First Aid

• First aid Ice the
• Requires pain reliever
• Needs to be placed in the correct position
• Try to avoid exercise

Questions on anatomical directional terms, organ locations, and planes of the body. Also covers basic physiology including cellular components, skin conditions like blackheads and urticaria, and potential medical scenarios.