Anatomical Positions and Movements Quiz

Median (Sagittal) Plane: Divides body into equal right and left halves
- Medial: Closer to midline
- Lateral: Away from midline
Coronal Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Flexion & Extension: Moving two ventral surfaces towards or away from each other
Adduction & Abduction: Movement towards or away from midline
Medial & Lateral Rotations: Moving the anterior side towards or away from the midline

Layers:
- Epidermis: Outer, tough layer
- Dermis: Inner layer containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Functions:
- Protection
- Sensations
- Body temperature regulation

Loose connective tissue and fat
Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Absent in specific sites like eyelids and scrotum
Functions:
- Fat store
- Body temperature regulation
- Contains mammary gland in females, forming the breast

Dense connective tissue
Surrounds deeper structures
Well developed in limbs, especially around joints
Poorly developed in sites that need expansion, such as the face, thoracic, and abdominal walls

Ossification:
- Membranous: Connective tissue membrane ossifies into bone (e.g., clavicle)
- Cartilaginous: Membrane transforms into cartilage model, which ossifies into bone (e.g., all limb bones except the clavicle)

Develops from a membranous model, mostly changing to cartilage
Primary Center of Ossification: Shaft transforms into bone before birth
Secondary Center of Ossification: Ends transform into bone after birth
Epiphyseal Plate of Cartilage: Disc of cartilage between the shaft and ends, responsible for bone lengthening
Metaphysis: Newly formed part of the shaft near the epiphyseal plate
Ossification of Epiphyseal Plate: Stops bone lengthening, varying in age between males and females
Periosteum: Membrane covering the bone, adds cells to increase bone width
Endosteum: Lining of the bone cavity, contains bone marrow for blood cell formation
Pneumatic Bones: Lighten the skull

Type	Features	Example
Syndesmosis	Allows minimal movement, does not ossify with age	Inferior tibiofibular joint
Suture	Allows minimal movement, ossifies with age	Sagittal suture in skull
Gomphosis	Allows no movement, does not ossify with age	Between teeth and gums

Type	Features	Example
Primary cartilaginous	Hyaline cartilage, allows no movement, ossifies with age	Epiphyseal plate of cartilage
Secondary cartilaginous	Fibrocartilage, allows minimal movement, doesn't ossify with age	Intervertebral discs

Type	Features	Example
Plane	Flat surfaces, allows sliding movements	Intercarpal joints
Hinge	One convex surface, one concave surface, allows flexion and extension	Elbow joint
Pivot	One bone rotates around another	Proximal radioulnar joint
Condylar	Oval-shaped, allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction	Knee joint
Saddle	2 saddle shapes, allows movement in 2 planes	Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Ball and Socket	Allows movement in all directions	Shoulder joint

Shoulder Joint: Largest range of motion
- Circumduction, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation
Hip Joint: Similar to shoulder joint, but more stable
Elbow Joint: Hinge joint, allowing flexion/extension
Knee Joint: Condylar joint, allowing flexion/extension and some rotation
Wrist Joint: Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction
Ankle Joint: Allows dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and inversion/eversion
Spinal Column: Each vertebra connected by intervertebral discs, allowing flexion/extension, rotation, and lateral flexion