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Questions and Answers
What is the anatomical position?
A position where the person stands with face and palms directed forward and feet close together.
Which plane divides the body into Anterior and Posterior parts?
What are the two layers of the skin?
List two functions of the skin.
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What type of tissue forms the Deep Fascia?
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What is the primary center of ossification?
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How many types of joints are there based on the tissue between bones?
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Match the following types of joints with their features:
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Standard reference point for describing body parts
- Standing upright
- Face and palms of hands facing forward
- Feet close together
Anatomical Planes & Directions
-
Median (Sagittal) Plane: Divides body into equal right and left halves
- Medial: Closer to midline
- Lateral: Away from midline
- Coronal Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
Anatomical Descriptions
- Superficial & Deep: Near or away from the surface
- External & Internal: Outside or inside
- Proximal & Distal: Near or away from the trunk
Terms of Movements
- Flexion & Extension: Moving two ventral surfaces towards or away from each other
- Adduction & Abduction: Movement towards or away from midline
- Medial & Lateral Rotations: Moving the anterior side towards or away from the midline
Skin
-
Layers:
- Epidermis: Outer, tough layer
- Dermis: Inner layer containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
-
Functions:
- Protection
- Sensations
- Body temperature regulation
Superficial Fascia
- Loose connective tissue and fat
- Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
- Absent in specific sites like eyelids and scrotum
-
Functions:
- Fat store
- Body temperature regulation
- Contains mammary gland in females, forming the breast
Deep Fascia
- Dense connective tissue
- Surrounds deeper structures
- Well developed in limbs, especially around joints
- Poorly developed in sites that need expansion, such as the face, thoracic, and abdominal walls
Bones
-
Ossification:
- Membranous: Connective tissue membrane ossifies into bone (e.g., clavicle)
- Cartilaginous: Membrane transforms into cartilage model, which ossifies into bone (e.g., all limb bones except the clavicle)
Growing Long Bone
- Develops from a membranous model, mostly changing to cartilage
- Primary Center of Ossification: Shaft transforms into bone before birth
- Secondary Center of Ossification: Ends transform into bone after birth
- Epiphyseal Plate of Cartilage: Disc of cartilage between the shaft and ends, responsible for bone lengthening
- Metaphysis: Newly formed part of the shaft near the epiphyseal plate
- Ossification of Epiphyseal Plate: Stops bone lengthening, varying in age between males and females
- Periosteum: Membrane covering the bone, adds cells to increase bone width
- Endosteum: Lining of the bone cavity, contains bone marrow for blood cell formation
- Pneumatic Bones: Lighten the skull
Joints
- Definition: Meeting between two or more bones or cartilages
Fibrous Joints
| Type | Features | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Syndesmosis | Allows minimal movement, does not ossify with age | Inferior tibiofibular joint |
| Suture | Allows minimal movement, ossifies with age | Sagittal suture in skull |
| Gomphosis | Allows no movement, does not ossify with age | Between teeth and gums |
Cartilaginous Joints
| Type | Features | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Primary cartilaginous | Hyaline cartilage, allows no movement, ossifies with age | Epiphyseal plate of cartilage |
| Secondary cartilaginous | Fibrocartilage, allows minimal movement, doesn't ossify with age | Intervertebral discs |
Synovial Joints
| Type | Features | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Plane | Flat surfaces, allows sliding movements | Intercarpal joints |
| Hinge | One convex surface, one concave surface, allows flexion and extension | Elbow joint |
| Pivot | One bone rotates around another | Proximal radioulnar joint |
| Condylar | Oval-shaped, allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction | Knee joint |
| Saddle | 2 saddle shapes, allows movement in 2 planes | Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
| Ball and Socket | Allows movement in all directions | Shoulder joint |
Movements at Synovial Joints
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between bones
- Extension: Increases the angle between bones
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline
- Rotation: Turning around a central axis
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
- Pronation: Rotating palm to face posteriorly
- Supination: Rotating palm to face anteriorly
- Inversion: Turning sole of foot inward
- Eversion: Turning sole of foot outward
Factors Influencing Joint Stability
- Ligaments: Bands of fibrous connective tissue
- Muscle tendons: Connect muscles to bones
- Shape of joint surfaces: Provides stability
- Atmospheric pressure: Contributes to stability in some joints
Movements at Different Joints
-
Shoulder Joint: Largest range of motion
- Circumduction, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation
- Hip Joint: Similar to shoulder joint, but more stable
- Elbow Joint: Hinge joint, allowing flexion/extension
- Knee Joint: Condylar joint, allowing flexion/extension and some rotation
- Wrist Joint: Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction
- Ankle Joint: Allows dorsiflexion/plantarflexion and inversion/eversion
- Spinal Column: Each vertebra connected by intervertebral discs, allowing flexion/extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
Factors Influencing Range of Motion
- Structure of joint: Determines types of movement
- Ligaments and tendons: Limit movement
- Muscle tension: Affects movement range
- Age: Range of motion decreases with age
- Disease: Can impair movement
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Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical positions, planes, and movements in the human body. This quiz covers key terms and descriptions that are fundamental for understanding human anatomy. Perfect for students studying anatomy or health sciences.
