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Questions and Answers
Which term describes a structure that is further away from the midline of the body?
Which term describes a structure that is further away from the midline of the body?
What is the anatomical position of the eye relative to the nose?
What is the anatomical position of the eye relative to the nose?
Which of the following correctly matches the terms with their definitions?
Which of the following correctly matches the terms with their definitions?
What describes the relative position of the nose in anatomical terms?
What describes the relative position of the nose in anatomical terms?
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Which of the following pairs refers to opposite sides of the body?
Which of the following pairs refers to opposite sides of the body?
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In anatomical terminology, which term refers to being closer to the feet?
In anatomical terminology, which term refers to being closer to the feet?
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Which of the following examples illustrates the proximal and distal relationship?
Which of the following examples illustrates the proximal and distal relationship?
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Which term describes a structure that is more back than another structure?
Which term describes a structure that is more back than another structure?
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What does the term 'superficial' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does the term 'superficial' refer to in anatomical terms?
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Which of the following correctly describes the movement known as 'hyperextension'?
Which of the following correctly describes the movement known as 'hyperextension'?
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What is the movement of bringing the arm back towards the body called?
What is the movement of bringing the arm back towards the body called?
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What does 'dorsiflexion' refer to?
What does 'dorsiflexion' refer to?
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Which of the following describes the act of 'internal rotation'?
Which of the following describes the act of 'internal rotation'?
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What is 'elevation' in anatomical terms?
What is 'elevation' in anatomical terms?
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Which movement is characterized by turning the forearm so that the palm faces upwards?
Which movement is characterized by turning the forearm so that the palm faces upwards?
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How is 'inversion' of the foot defined?
How is 'inversion' of the foot defined?
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What does flexion of the thumb involve?
What does flexion of the thumb involve?
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Which plane divides the body into front and back portions?
Which plane divides the body into front and back portions?
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What is the movement of fingers towards the middle finger known as?
What is the movement of fingers towards the middle finger known as?
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What is the primary action involved in abduction of the thumb?
What is the primary action involved in abduction of the thumb?
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What is the imaginary surface that divides the body into right and left portions called?
What is the imaginary surface that divides the body into right and left portions called?
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Reposition of the thumb refers to which of the following actions?
Reposition of the thumb refers to which of the following actions?
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Which plane is also known as the horizontal plane?
Which plane is also known as the horizontal plane?
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What distinguishes the midsagittal plane from a regular sagittal plane?
What distinguishes the midsagittal plane from a regular sagittal plane?
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What type of joint is formed between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles?
What type of joint is formed between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles?
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Which type of movement is primarily allowed by hinge joints?
Which type of movement is primarily allowed by hinge joints?
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Which joint is an example of a pivot joint?
Which joint is an example of a pivot joint?
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What main feature distinguishes synovial joints from other joint types?
What main feature distinguishes synovial joints from other joint types?
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Which of the following joints permits all angular motions in two planes?
Which of the following joints permits all angular motions in two planes?
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Which type of synovial joint allows for only slipping or gliding movements?
Which type of synovial joint allows for only slipping or gliding movements?
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What movement is NOT typically associated with the functioning of hinge joints?
What movement is NOT typically associated with the functioning of hinge joints?
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Which of the following features is characteristic of a synovial joint?
Which of the following features is characteristic of a synovial joint?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
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What is a characteristic feature of saddle joints?
What is a characteristic feature of saddle joints?
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Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint?
Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint?
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Which joint type is correctly matched to its movement capability?
Which joint type is correctly matched to its movement capability?
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What is the movement characteristic of an ellipsoid joint?
What is the movement characteristic of an ellipsoid joint?
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What type of joint is formed by the articulation between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae?
What type of joint is formed by the articulation between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae?
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Which joint type provides a uniaxial movement?
Which joint type provides a uniaxial movement?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the first carpometacarpal joint?
Which of the following correctly identifies the first carpometacarpal joint?
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Which type of joint allows movement around multiple axes?
Which type of joint allows movement around multiple axes?
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What is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
What is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
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Which movement types are associated with saddle joints?
Which movement types are associated with saddle joints?
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Which factors contribute to the stability of synovial joints?
Which factors contribute to the stability of synovial joints?
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What type of joint movement occurs at metacarpophalangeal joints?
What type of joint movement occurs at metacarpophalangeal joints?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Positions and Movements
- Anatomical position is a universal standard for describing body parts and their relative locations
- Anatomical position: standing upright, feet parallel, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body
- Directional terms describe the position of one body part relative to another
- Superior (cranial): closer to the head
- Inferior (caudal): closer to the feet
- Anterior (ventral): towards the front
- Posterior (dorsal): towards the back
- Medial: closer to the midline of the body
- Lateral: farther from the midline of the body
- Proximal: closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: farther from the point of attachment
- Superficial: closer to the surface of the body
- Deep: closer to the core of the body
- Unilateral describes one side of the body
- Bilateral describes both sides of the body
- Ipsilateral describes structures on the same side of the body
- Contralateral describes structures on opposite sides of the body
Anatomical Planes
- Planes are imaginary surfaces used to section the body for description
- Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left portions
- Midsagittal (median) plane: divides the body into equal left and right halves
- Parasagittal plane: divides the body into unequal left and right portions
- Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back portions
- Transverse (horizontal, axial) plane: divides the body into upper and lower portions
Anatomical Axes
- Axes are imaginary lines that pass perpendicularly through a plane at joints
- Horizontal (transverse) axis: passes through the body from side to side
- Anteroposterior (sagittal) axis: passes through the body from front to back
- Longitudinal (vertical) axis: passes through the body from top to bottom
Types of Joints
- Joints are the sites where two or more bones meet
- Joints are classified by the tissue connecting the articulating bones
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Fibrous: immovable
- Sutures: skull bones
- Syndesmoses: inferior tibiofibular joint
- Gomphoses: teeth in sockets
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Cartilaginous: slightly movable
- Primary (synchondroses): temporary, hyaline cartilage
- Examples: sternocostal joints
- Secondary (symphyses): permanent, fibrocartilage
- Examples: intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
- Primary (synchondroses): temporary, hyaline cartilage
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Synovial: freely movable
- Plane: flat surfaces, gliding movements (e.g., between carpals)
- Hinge: cylindrical projection fits into a trough, flexion and extension only (e.g., elbow, interphalangeal)
- Pivot: rounded end protrudes into a sleeve of bone or ligament, rotation only (e.g., between axis and dens of atlas, proximal radioulnar)
- Condyloid: oval surface fits into a complementary depression, permits angular motions (e.g., radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal)
- Saddle: each surface has both concave and convex surfaces, allows greater movement (e.g., carpometacarpal of thumb)
- Ball-and-socket: spherical or hemispherical head of one bone fits into a cuplike socket of another, permits most freely moving synovial joints (e.g., shoulder, hip)
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- Gliding movements: one flat bone surface glides over another
Movements at Joints
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Flexion: bending a joint and decreasing the angle between two bones
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Extension: straightening a joint and increasing the angle between two bones
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Hyperextension: bending a part of the body beyond its anatomical position
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Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
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Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline
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Pronation: turning the forearm medially, so the palm faces downward
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Supination: turning the forearm laterally, so the palm faces upward
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Elevation: raising a body part
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Depression: lowering a body part
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Protraction: moving a body part forward
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Retraction: moving a body part backward
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Rotation: turning a body part around its long axis
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Circumduction: moving a body part in a circular motion
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Lateral flexion: side-bending left or right
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Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward
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Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward
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Dorsiflexion: movement at the ankle joint bringing the foot towards the shin
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Plantarflexion: movement at ankle joint pointing the foot downward
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Radial deviation: movement of the wrist toward the radius or lateral side
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Ulnar deviation: movement of the wrist toward the ulna or medial side
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Movements of fingers: abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
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Movements of thumb: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, repositioning
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Description
Test your knowledge of anatomical positions and movements with this quiz. Understand the key terminologies that describe the relationship between body parts. This quiz covers essential directional terms and concepts that are fundamental in anatomy and health sciences.
