Questions and Answers
What is the focus of Anatomical Pathology?
Molecular pathology is a technique used in Clinical Pathology.
False
What is the definition of Clinical Pathology?
The study of the laboratory analysis of body fluids, such as blood and urine, to diagnose and monitor diseases.
Anatomical Pathology is used to diagnose diseases such as cancer and _______________________________________.
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Match the following subspecialties of Clinical Pathology with their descriptions:
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What is the application of Anatomical Pathology in determining organ rejection in transplants?
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Cytopathology is a technique used in Clinical Pathology.
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What is the application of Clinical Pathology in detecting infections?
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Which of the following is a cause of acute liver failure?
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Elevated liver enzymes are a diagnostic feature of acute liver failure.
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What is the name of the syndrome characterized by liver failure during pregnancy?
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The mortality rate of acute liver failure without liver transplantation is between _______%.
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Match the following symptoms of acute liver failure with their categories:
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What is the primary goal of supportive care in the treatment of acute liver failure?
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Liver transplantation is always necessary for acute liver failure.
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What is the name of the scoring system used to predict the prognosis of acute liver failure?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Pathology
- Definition: The study of the microscopic and macroscopic changes in tissues and organs that occur as a result of disease or injury.
- Focus: Examination of biopsies, surgical specimens, and autopsy tissues to diagnose diseases.
- Techniques:
- Histopathology: Examination of tissue samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities.
- Cytopathology: Examination of individual cells to diagnose diseases such as cancer.
- Molecular pathology: Use of molecular biology techniques to diagnose diseases at the genetic level.
- Applications:
- Diagnosis of cancer and precancerous lesions
- Identification of infectious diseases
- Determination of organ rejection in transplants
- Diagnosis of genetic disorders
Clinical Pathology
- Definition: The study of the laboratory analysis of body fluids, such as blood and urine, to diagnose and monitor diseases.
- Focus: Examination of laboratory test results to diagnose and manage diseases.
- Subspecialties:
- Clinical chemistry: Analysis of blood and urine chemistry to diagnose and monitor diseases such as diabetes and kidney disease.
- Hematology: Analysis of blood cells to diagnose and monitor blood disorders such as anemia and leukemia.
- Microbiology: Identification of microorganisms in body fluids to diagnose infectious diseases.
- Immunology: Analysis of the immune system to diagnose and monitor autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies.
- Applications:
- Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension
- Detection of infections and monitoring of antibiotic resistance
- Screening for genetic disorders and birth defects
- Monitoring of organ function and disease progression
Anatomical Pathology
- Examines microscopic and macroscopic changes in tissues and organs due to disease or injury
- Focuses on biopsies, surgical specimens, and autopsy tissues to diagnose diseases
- Techniques used:
- Histopathology: examines tissue samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities
- Cytopathology: examines individual cells to diagnose diseases like cancer
- Molecular pathology: uses molecular biology techniques to diagnose diseases at the genetic level
- Applied in:
- Diagnosing cancer and precancerous lesions
- Identifying infectious diseases
- Determining organ rejection in transplants
- Diagnosing genetic disorders
Clinical Pathology
- Studies laboratory analysis of body fluids like blood and urine to diagnose and monitor diseases
- Focuses on examining laboratory test results to diagnose and manage diseases
- Subspecialties include:
- Clinical chemistry: analyzes blood and urine chemistry to diagnose and monitor diseases like diabetes and kidney disease
- Hematology: analyzes blood cells to diagnose and monitor blood disorders like anemia and leukemia
- Microbiology: identifies microorganisms in body fluids to diagnose infectious diseases
- Immunology: analyzes the immune system to diagnose and monitor autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies
- Applied in:
- Diagnosing and monitoring chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension
- Detecting infections and monitoring antibiotic resistance
- Screening for genetic disorders and birth defects
- Monitoring organ function and disease progression
Acute Liver Failure
Causes
- Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E) causes acute liver failure
- Bacterial infections like Listeria and fungal infections like Aspergillus can also lead to acute liver failure
- Acetaminophen overdose is a common toxin that causes acute liver failure
- Mushroom poisoning, especially from Amanita phalloides, can cause acute liver failure
- Herbal supplements like kava and pennyroyal can be toxic to the liver
- Wilson's disease and Reye's syndrome are metabolic disorders that can cause acute liver failure
- Vascular disorders like Budd-Chiari syndrome and ischemic hepatitis can also lead to acute liver failure
- Malignancies like lymphoma and autoimmune hepatitis can cause acute liver failure
- Pregnancy-related liver failure, such as HELLP syndrome, can occur
Diagnosis
- Elevated liver enzymes like AST, ALT, and ALP indicate liver damage
- Coagulopathy, measured by INR and PTT, is a common feature of acute liver failure
- Hyperbilirubinemia and low albumin levels are also diagnostic indicators
- Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI can aid in diagnosis and monitoring
- Encephalopathy, graded from I to IV, is a common clinical feature
- Ascites, jaundice, and hepatomegaly are also common clinical features
Symptoms
- Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fatigue
- Neurological symptoms include confusion, disorientation, and seizures
- Hepatic symptoms include jaundice, hepatomegaly, and ascites
- Systemic symptoms include fever, hypotension, and coagulopathy
Treatment Options
- Supportive care involves fluid and electrolyte management, nutritional support, and infection control
- N-acetylcysteine is a specific treatment for acetaminophen overdose
- Antiviral therapy is used for viral hepatitis, while corticosteroids are used for autoimmune hepatitis
- Liver transplantation is indicated for severe liver failure with a poor prognosis
- King's College criteria and MELD score are used to determine listing for liver transplantation
Prognosis
- Mortality rate without liver transplantation is high, ranging from 50-90%
- Early diagnosis and treatment, etiology of liver failure, severity of encephalopathy, and presence of complications affect prognosis
- Survivors may experience persistent liver dysfunction and are at increased risk of liver cancer and recurrence of liver failure
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Description
Anatomical Pathology is the study of tissue and organ changes due to disease or injury, involving examination of biopsies, surgical specimens, and autopsy tissues to diagnose diseases.
