Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main treatment approach when refractory anaphylaxis is present?
What is the main treatment approach when refractory anaphylaxis is present?
- Increased doses of oral vasodilators
- Repeated doses of adrenaline with broncho-dilators (correct)
- Administering oral antihistamines
- Immediate surgical intervention
How does low-dose adrenaline primarily function in treating anaphylaxis?
How does low-dose adrenaline primarily function in treating anaphylaxis?
- By increasing vascular permeability
- By directly blocking histamine receptors
- By enhancing cardiac contractility and rate to support blood pressure (correct)
- By causing potent vasodilation
What role do mast cells play during an allergic reaction?
What role do mast cells play during an allergic reaction?
- Directly neutralizing IgE antibodies
- Releasing epinephrine into the bloodstream
- Degranulating to release chemicals including histamine (correct)
- Producing platelet-activating factor
Which chemical is specifically involved in increasing vascular permeability during an immune response?
Which chemical is specifically involved in increasing vascular permeability during an immune response?
What primarily methods of action does adrenaline possess at higher doses?
What primarily methods of action does adrenaline possess at higher doses?
What is the primary characteristic of anaphylaxis?
What is the primary characteristic of anaphylaxis?
Which of the following symptoms best describes objective dyspnoea?
Which of the following symptoms best describes objective dyspnoea?
Which grade of anaphylaxis represents a local reaction on the skin without changing vital signs?
Which grade of anaphylaxis represents a local reaction on the skin without changing vital signs?
What distinguishes Grade 3 (b) from Grade 3 (a) in anaphylaxis?
What distinguishes Grade 3 (b) from Grade 3 (a) in anaphylaxis?
How are food intolerances characterized compared to allergies?
How are food intolerances characterized compared to allergies?
What triggers the production of an inappropriate immune response in allergic reactions?
What triggers the production of an inappropriate immune response in allergic reactions?
What does the term 'angioedema' refer to?
What does the term 'angioedema' refer to?
Which of the following best describes anaphylaxis in terms of its effects?
Which of the following best describes anaphylaxis in terms of its effects?
What type of antibodies do B-lymphocytes produce upon initial exposure to an allergen?
What type of antibodies do B-lymphocytes produce upon initial exposure to an allergen?
Which immune cells first bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE) during an allergic reaction?
Which immune cells first bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE) during an allergic reaction?
What is a major effect of histamine release during an allergic reaction?
What is a major effect of histamine release during an allergic reaction?
What is the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) during anaphylaxis?
What is the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) during anaphylaxis?
What effect does bronchoconstriction have on the airway during an allergic reaction?
What effect does bronchoconstriction have on the airway during an allergic reaction?
What is the result of vasodilation during an allergic reaction?
What is the result of vasodilation during an allergic reaction?
What chemical is released from mast cells and contributes to bronchoconstriction?
What chemical is released from mast cells and contributes to bronchoconstriction?
What happens to IgE during the later stages of an allergic reaction?
What happens to IgE during the later stages of an allergic reaction?
Flashcards
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
A life-threatening reaction that involves widespread bodily systems, often affecting breathing, the heart, and circulation.
Urticaria
Urticaria
A localized skin reaction characterized by red, itchy bumps.
Angioedema
Angioedema
Swelling beneath the skin surface, typically caused by fluid buildup.
Objective Dyspnea
Objective Dyspnea
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Intolerance
Intolerance
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Allergen
Allergen
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Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
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Hypersensitivity Reaction
Hypersensitivity Reaction
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Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
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Mast Cells
Mast Cells
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Basophils
Basophils
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Histamine
Histamine
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Degranulation
Degranulation
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Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
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Prostaglandin D2
Prostaglandin D2
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Urticarial Rash
Urticarial Rash
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Study Notes
Anaphylaxis
- Life-threatening allergic reaction affecting airway, breathing, and circulation, often accompanied by skin symptoms.
- A generalised or systemic hypersensitivity reaction.
- Some individuals are more susceptible due to genetics or environmental factors.
Slide 4 (Meanings of Words)
- Urticaria (hives): Red, itchy bumps with rash.
- Angioedema: Swelling under the skin's surface.
- Objective Dyspnea: Gasping, increased respiratory rate, and decreased oxygen saturation, requiring accessory muscles.
Grading of Anaphylaxis
- Grade 1 (Local Reaction): Skin reactions only, no changes in vital signs.
- Grade 2 (Mild/Moderate): Skin and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement, like vomiting and diarrhea.
- Grade 2a: Similar to Grade 2b.
- Grade 3 (Severe): Respiratory or cardiovascular involvement (e.g., blood pressure/heart rate changes).
- Grade 3a: Similar to Grade 3b.
- Grade 3C (SEVERE): Respiratory arrest and/or cardiovascular arrest.
Intolerances and Allergies
- Intolerance and allergy are often used interchangeably.
- Intolerance is an adverse reaction to substances (e.g., food groups, lactose, gluten).
- Reactions to intolerances are often delayed, occurring several hours to days after ingestion and are not life-threatening.
- Reactions to allergens appear quickly after exposure.
Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
- Exposure to allergen: Person is exposed to the allergen, sometimes the reaction mirrors the method of introduction (e.g., inhaled allergen causing respiratory issues).
- B-lymphocytes and IgE: Upon initial exposure, B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, immunoglobulin E (IgE).
- Mast cells and basophils: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, which are involved in protecting from harmful allergens.
- Allergen re-exposure: Subsequent exposure to the same allergen leads to raised IgE levels.
- Chemical mediators: Mast cells release chemical mediators (e.g., histamine).
- Systemic effects: Massive histamine release leads to various systemic effects, such as vasodilation (rapid drop in blood pressure).
- Vasodilation: Reduced blood pressure also means blood with allergen is closer to the skin.
- Bronchoconstriction: Histamine binding to receptors in the bronchioles results in bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production.
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Description
This quiz explores the life-threatening effects of anaphylaxis, including symptoms and grading criteria. It covers essential medical terminologies associated with allergic reactions and the physiological impacts on the body. Test your understanding of the classifications and definitions related to anaphylaxis.
