Analyzing Primary Sources

Analyzing Primary Sources

• Primary sources consist of documents or artifacts from a witness or participant in an event
• They provide firsthand evidence from the time period under study
• Examination of primary sources is key to understanding the past
• Diverse backgrounds lead to varied interpretations of primary sources
• Analysis requires knowledge of the document and its historical context
• Interpretations should be thorough and careful

Helpful Questions for Analyzing Sources

• Consider the source's physical nature, asking what can be learned from its form
• Determine the source's purpose and the author's message, both explicit and implicit
• Identify the author's methods for conveying their message
• Analyze what you know about the author (race, sex, class, etc.) and its relevance
• Determine the intended audience and its impact on the source
• Analyze the language, metaphors, and symbols used and what they reveal about the author's choices

The 6 C’s of Primary Source Analysis

• Content: Identify main ideas, important points, phrases, words, and descriptions
• Citation: Determine the document's creator and creation date
• Communication: Identify the author's biases and point of view
• Context: Understand the world, country, region or locality when the document was created
• Connections: Relate the source to existing knowledge
• Conclusions: Assess the source's historical contributions
• Examine primary sources with a critical eye

Background of Juan de Plasencia

• His real name was Joan de Puerto Carrera, Del Convento De Villanueva De La Serena and was a Spanish Franciscan friar
• Born as Juan Puerto Carrero in the early 16th century in Plasencia, Extremadura, Spain
• He helped spread primary education and converted natives
• He taught catechisms and organized towns and barangays
• He promoted Spanish among natives and local languages among missionaries
• He initiated the Reduction Policy to resettle natives centrally
• His work aimed to address injustices against natives by officials

Arrival in the Philippines

• Credit is given to the foundation of a number of towns in Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal
• Served as custos of the friars, 1584-1588
• Passed away in Laguna in 1590
• Chiefs were called Dato, who governed and led in wars
• Tribal gatherings were called barangays in Tagalog, comprising families and slaves

The Three Castes

• Nobles (Maharlica): Free-born individuals who did not pay taxes
• Commoners (Aliping Namamahay): Lived in their own houses and were lords of property and gold
• Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid): Served masters and could be sold

Mode of Dressing

• For Males, Putong (headgear, symbolizes how many killed), kanggan (upper jacket with short sleeves), and bahag (lower)
• For Females, Baro at Camisa (upper) and Saya (lower)

Ornaments

• Ornamental objects or features gave distinction to person, place, or thing

Government

• The unit of government was the barangay which was ruled by a chief and consisted of 30-100 families with relatives and slaves

Administration of Justice

• Chieftain implemented laws, ensured order, gave protection to the subject.
• Disputes were settled by a court led by the chief and council of elders

Inheritance

• The first son inherited the chieftain's position
• Absence of male heirs led to the eldest daughter becoming chieftain

Slaves

• Slavery occurred by capture of war, debt, inheritance, purchase, or crime
• Emancipation happened by forgiveness, debt payment, condonation, bravery, or marriage

Marriage Customs

• Men were generally monogamous with wives called Asawa
• Courtship involved Paninilbihan
• Dowry was required (Bigay-kaya, panghihimuyat, Bigay-suso)
• Marriage was uncommon between different social classes

Religious Belief

• Worshiped many Gods and Goddesses: Bathala (supreme being), Idayanale, Sidarapa, Agni, Balangaw, Mandarangan, Lalahon, Siginarungan
• Belief in sacred animals and trees was also evident

Superstitious Beliefs

• Beliefs included Aswang, Duwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, and Tiyanak
• Belief in amulets and charms (anting-anting, kulam, gayuma) existed

Language and System of Writing

• Major languages are Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon Hilighaynon, Maguindanao, and Samarnon
• The languages originated from Malayo-Polynesian
• The writing system had 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin
• Tree sap was used as ink with pointed sticks as pencils
• Large plant leaves, tree bark, or bamboo tubes were used for writing

Definition of History

• Derives from Greek "historia" (inquiry, knowledge from investigation)
• It is the study and description of the past in written documents
• It provides insights into books, documents, artifacts, digital media, and places from the past

Relevance of History

• Inescapable and studies the past and its effects on the present
• Connects events through time and promotes historical understanding

Primary Source Historical Data

• Provides firsthand evidence through, event, object, person, or work of art

Secondary Source Historical Data

• It was not made by people involved in the historical era

Two Ways of Evaluating Historical Data

• Internal criticism: Looks within the data for truth and reasonable interpretation
• External criticism: Applies scientific methods to verify authenticity

Conclusion

• History is essential to understand current issues
• Primary and secondary sources must be evaluated

Introduction

• Humans adapt to physiological needs and environmental changes
• Cognitive skills develop from basic needs
• Inventions like spears, bows, and arrows served as extensions of human capabilities
• Responses to weather such as volcanic eruption, storms, and tidal waves result to fears and need to protect oneselves

Further Insights on Studying History

• The world is explored, machines and symbols are invented, leading to the formation of civilizations.
• Exploration, research, and discovery lead to intrigue
• Examination of diverse worlds, times, places, and peoples helps

Meaning and Relevance of History

• The past is examined, focusing on human affairs and its connection to events or individuals
• Human innovation and colonization resulted in conflicts
• Historical record are on papyrus, walls, temples, coliseums, sphinxes, and obelisks
• Ancient writings guide comprehension of later event

Social Science of History

• Used to understand past events
• The past shapes the present and could affect the future
• Collective knowledge leads to legacy that will be inherited and used by future generations
• The belief in continuous existence encourages people to leave footprints
• People are enabled to develop skills, understand the world, and gain insight into ourselves and unfamiliar cultures

2 Categories of Historical Data

• Primary and secondary sources

Primary Source Specifics

• They give firsthand accounts
• They provide insight knowledge and detail
• The evidence of human avtivity is compelling
• Originate from the time of past events
• Offer direct evidence through archives, photos, journals, artifacts, and research

Primary Source Characteristics

• Observations are made at the time, with contemporary documents
• Events are recorded, with all viewponts of people at the time
• Event driven, as opposed to an era
• Representation of one person's perspective, viewed with secondary sources
• Analysis of sources requires you to be sensitive to the bias of the time
• The researcher has significant perspective for the evidence to be primary
• Reproductions remain primary

Secondary Source Characteristics

• Originate by historians, based on primary sources
• Provide interretation of history, and after the fact
• They can summarise what happened in a past event

Seconary Source Examples

• Textbooks and magazine articles

Ways of Evaluating Historical Data

• Historical sources are examined for validation before publication
• Scholastic writers and historians are responsible for ensuring accuracy

Internal Criticism

• There is a search for truth and accuracy in each source
• The motives of each source must be considered- positive or negative
• Historical facts must be accurate and verifiable

External Criticism

• Authenticity is measured, and each source is verified by science
• All data must be technically verifiable
• Genuineness can also be gauged and tested

Internal and External Criticisms are key to history evaluation

• Every detail must be scrutinised
• Keepers of critical events in time and in the past

Conclusion

• History is a road to knowledge as it uncovers past issues
• All issues are unique due to the nature of time
• A deeper and more dangerous understanding cannot be achieved without knowledge and history
• It is viewed as an aid and key to unlocking identity, if all items are scrutinised

Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History

• Agrarian reform can break the cycle of proverty

Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine History

• It is a redistrubution of lands, to provide economic status to beneficiaries
• Aims to ensure that all conflicts end, and peace ensues
• This occurs in accordance with economic and social development
• Aims need to focus on motivating famers to own the land that they till
• A socio-cultural change must ensure surplus for selling
• The people must be more invovled in practicing leardeship roles
• As reform increases family income, their children can attend school.
• Reformation also promotes modern ideas
• Biblical ideas are often related to God and food

Objective of Agrarian Reform

• The main aim of is that it will end all conflicts
• Social equality must ensure
• The programs assist the implementation

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform (CARP)

– Republic Act 6657: Land redistribution to landless farmers/workers.

History of Agrarian Reform

• CARP seeks to hasten land distributation
• The Philippines, pre colonization, already had organized commmunities in the form of Batangays
• Pueblo was an agricultural system used by the Spanish
• Hukbalahap was used as an anti-japanese group
• The Rice Tenancy Law, authorized by Manuel L Quezon, was the first known of that date
• The Republic Act No.34, was created by Manuel Roxas, to create a agreement

Elpidio Quirino's Era

• Instituted development of land for settlement President Magsaysay promoted pursuing land reform
• Pursuing land reform

Agrarian Reform Acts

• Land Reform Act of 1955 (R.A 1400) carries the policy
• REVISED AGRICULTURAL LAND REFORM CODE (R.A 6389), abolished subdivisions
• There was also automatic share conversion and creation of rights

Lands Coverered by the Code

• Tenanted and landed areas

Land covered by CARL

• All are all disposable and alienable
• All of the public domain must be utilized
• All private, and government utilized land

Qualified Beneficiaries

• All agricultural, seaonal and regular workers, occupants or tillers of land
• All must be cooperatives in their collection

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reform (CARPER LAW)

Strengthened and improved CARLand has $150B funding

• There were seven new, over 26 reformed provisions
• The government needs to have balance and ensure farmers

The Purpose of the Constitution

• The constitution is the fundamental law of the land
• They provide the government and framework

Constitution of the Philippines

• Malolos Constitution congress after declaration of independence
• The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines independence was necessary for all
• The 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines the legislation consited of those against U.S to be elected
• *1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines * shift from the elected system to a parliamentary one
• *1986 Provisional Constitution * After the People Power Revolution, the President legislated

Contitution of the Republic

• It occurs on Feburary 2, 1987

History of Taxation in the Philippines

• Buwis and Handug, taxations with barangays
• The three classes were identified (tumao,timawa and oripun)

Taxation in the Spanish and American

• Following the spanish, U.S taxes replaced rental with a charge on both land and rural estate
• Bill Taft (1902), and Wright(1904)
• There was an internal revenue (1904)
• Amendments and taxes were made to internal revenue (1904)
• Internal Revenue (1904) licences and tariffs
• Amendmentcedula change and tax (1907)
  • US Pres had act enacted( Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)
• Levies were reduced and raw meterial elminated

Sources of Taxes

• Tax act (1914) was enacted, as well as Inheritance (1919)
• They could not be payed be lower class, especially in (1937)
• Commonwealth (1940) period enacted residence tax

Who was except from Taxes

U.S high and foreign ranking individuals

New Sources of Taxes (regime periods)

• New tax reform

Post War Era and Reforms

• Tax revenues could not pay to the economy, especially for those with low income
• New legal laws needed to be enancted, one of which occured in January 1951, when three departments wer created (Legal, Assement, Collection)
• Another addition was the Memorandum Order (1995), or assessment
• This unit generated most of their income
• March 1954 revenue created more division
• All of these laws required administration The bureau often had people who were against tax

There was appointment of Misael Vera as commissioner

• This lead to people who needed tax aid
• All personel benefitted and abused these systems

Government often encouraged honest practises

• Payment system, through banks was launched
• Marcos needed tax laws
• Amnestys were issued on the people
• Many different systems were created to benifit population

Tax Code

• In 1977 tax code launched, for first timers tax
• 12 storey building was used to store data and other files of tax
• The life blood of history (taxes), is impoosed to all
• There are many enforced laws which are related and payed by all classes

Types of taxes

• Capital gain
• Withholding
• Property
• Inheritance
• All people ahve to follow the rules

Types (cont)

There are two kinds

• Direct which is shouldered and payed by the taxpayer, and others known as value added.
• Excise must be made for manufacturer and importer

Other Forms of Tax Laws

• All must have equal equity (tax is based on level of ability)
• Certainty: a plan should be ensured, and an exact time (to be sure nobody can oppresive)

The Three Phases of Laws

• Levying is always impacted in the start, the government can always choose the source for benifits
• It will follow the rules of the assessment and collections
• The payment is reference