Analyzing Primary Sources

Analyzing Primary Sources

• Consists of documents or artifacts from a witness or participant, providing firsthand testimony during the period of study
• Offers direct evidence of human activity and records that have survived

Reading and Comprehension

• Good reading involves questioning sources and using historical imagination
• Comprehension is aided by imagining scenarios and asking questions
• The process involves questioning, imagining answers, and explaining reasoning

Analyzing Primary Sources Profession

• Analyzing primary sources is a key role, to understand past events, through examination of historic journals, articles, letters, artworks, or autobiographies

Historian Perspective

• Individuals approach sources with varying experiences, leading to diverse interpretations; no one correct interpretation exists without careful, thorough analysis

Primary Source Information

• Analyzing it requires information about the document itself and the era of its creation

Analyzing Sources Questions

• Physical nature reveals source form, like handwriting or paper type
• Purpose reveals the author's message, explicit or implicit
• Methods show how the author conveys their message
• Author background considers race, sex, class, etc., and their relevance
• Intended audience (private or public) affects the source

6 C's of Primary Source Analysis

• Content: Identify the main idea, important points, phrases, words, sentences; for images, describe what is seen
• Citation: Identify the creator and creation time of the document
• Communication: Identify author biases and prejudices
• Context: Understand the historical context of the document's creation
• Connections: Connect the primary source to existing knowledge
• Conclusions: Determine the source's contributions to historical understanding, examining unfiltered records with a critical eye

Background of Juan de Placencia

• Real name: Joan de Puerto Carrera, Del Convento De Villanueva De La Serena; Spanish Franciscan friar
• Born as Juan Puerto Carrero in the early 16th century in Extremadura, Spain
• He fostered primary education, converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized towns in the Philippines
• He promoted Spanish among natives, local languages among missionaries
• He initiated the Reduction Policy to resettle natives centrally and aimed to end injustices by officials

Juan de Plasencia In the Philippines

• Credited with founding Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal towns like Tayabas Caliraya and Pila
• Elected custos of friars on May 23, 1584, serving until 1588; died in Laguna in 1590

Barangay

• Chiefs, called datos, governed and led in war
• Barangays are tribal gatherings equivalent to a Tagalog tribe, consisting of families, relations, and slaves
• Number of houses varied but typically from 30 to 100

Three Castes

• Nobles (Maharlika): Free-born, exempt from taxes
• Commoners (Aliping Namamahay): Lived in own houses, lords of property
• Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid): Served masters, cultivated land, could be sold

Mode of Dressing

• Male headgear called Putong, symbolized those killed
• Men wore a jacket with short sleeves known as Kanggan and bahag
• Females wore Baro at Camisa for upper garment and .Saya for lower garment

Ornaments & Government

• Ornaments were decorative for distinction
• Barangays were governed by chieftains, consisting of 30-100 families, relatives, and slaves

Justice

• Chieftain implemented laws, ensured order, and protected his subjects
• Disputes settled by court of chieftain and elders

Inheritance

• The 1st son of chieftain inherited position. If 1st son dies, 2nd son succeeds, if absence of male heirs, the eldest daughter is chieftain

Slaves & Customs

• Enslavement occurred through war, debt, inheritance, purchase, or crime
• Becoming free due to forgiveness, paying debt, condonation, bravery, or marriage
• Men were generally monogamous, with wives called Asawa
• Courtship began with Paninilbihan

Marriage

• A man was required to give a dowry, including:
  • Bigay-kaya (land or gold)
  • Panghihimuyat (gift for bride's parents)
  • Bigay-suso (for the bride's wet nurse)
• Marriage between different social classes was uncommon

Religious Belief

• Worship of Gods and Goddesses:
  • Bathala (supreme being)
  • Idayanale (God of agriculture)
  • Sidarapa (God of death)
  • Agni (God of fire)
  • Balangaw (God of rainbow)
  • Mandarangan (God of war)
  • Lalahon (God of harvest)
  • Siginarungan (God of hell)
• Belief in sacred animals and trees

Superstitions + Language

• Belief in spirits like Aswang, Duwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, and Tiyanak
• Belief in the power of amulets and charms with love potion, anting-anting and kulam

Language & Writing System

• Languages include Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon Hilighaynon, Maguindanao, and Samarnon, derived from Malayo-Polynesian
• Writing with 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin
• They ink was tree sap with pointed sticks as pencils
• They wrote on plant leaves, bark or bamboo tubes

Meaning and Relevance of History

• History, derived from Greek "historia," signifies inquiry/knowledge through investigation, encompassing past events described in written documents
• It Includes books, documents, artifacts, and digital media

Relevance of History

• Inescapable study of past, connects legacies to the present, encourages a long-term perspective

Historical Data

• Primary sources has firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art
• Secondary Sources has something was not created by historical participants

Evaluating Data

• Internal criticism assesses truth and interpretation from within data
• External criticism uses experimental science for material authenticity

Conclusion statement

• History aids in understanding current issues, protects identity, and necessitates evaluation of sources with internal/external criticism

Actions of Humans

• Humans respond to physiological needs and environmental changes

Human Inventions

• Humans invented spears, bows, arrows
• Humans respond to uncontrollable environmental phenomena

Discovery

• Humans invent machines, writing, domesticate animals, cultivate crops, settle, and form civilizations
• The past offers exploration, research, discovery, leading to different people, times, and places

More History

• History studies past events, human affairs, connecting past events
• Human innovation has led to wars and colonization over resources
• History is recorded on papyrus, temples, coliseums
• History aids present civilization
• History enables development of life skills, understanding world
• Studying successes/ failures of the past helps avoid repeating history

Categories of Data

• History relies on evidence written documents

Types of Sources

• Primary sources contains "firsthand” knowledge of historical events, figures, and people, direct evidence of human activity, created or used in the study that are actually real

Examples of Primary sources

• archives and manuscript material
• photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, films
• journals, letters and diaries and speeches
• government publications and oral histories
• research data, such as public opinion polls

Examples of Secondary sources

• Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, biography, thesis, dissertations, interviews, news reports, movies, news articles, scholarly journals, transcriptions, and dictionaries

Primary Source Characteristics

• Sources can be first-hand or accounts contemporary
• Sources document events, and viewpoints
• Sources broaden possible scope for era-driven research
• Sources represent perspective
• Perspective influences sources
• Reproductions may remain sources

Secondary Sources Characteristics

• The sources were not made by the people in participation of historical era
• scholastic writers have used interpretations primary sources for sources
• people absent at time has created these sources
• Describe, discuss, interpret, comment, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process Primary

Evaluating Historical Data

• There are ways to examine historical sources for authenticity from scholastic writers and historians

Internal Criticism (Higher)

• Analyzes data internally for facts and interpretation
• Includes looking at motives
• Indicates accuracy

Internal Criticism

• Determines the historicity of facts and may be found in forgeries or truncated documents

Testing Facts

• Character knowledge, influences must be tested
• Must be accurate to what and how author wrote with no misleading information

External Criticisim (lower criticism)

• Applies science for authenticity
• Entails dating papers
• involves knowledge
• Evaluates the authenticity

External Criticism (more)

• Determines authenticity of source
• Must be tested with criticism
• Must be accurate if it’s a forgery must consider all aspects

Internal/External Analysis

• Both are vital to history study
• Historians play role to describe
• History has self knowledge
• History is undesirable/dangerous

Agrarian Reform Definition

• It is the redistribution of lands to landless farmers and workers to lift their economic status

Goal

• To end land ownership that brings stability in set of in country

Land Reform Meaning

• Measures designed to eliminate obstacles

Economic Aspects of Reform

• Agriculture remains critical in the Philippines
• Method make farmers own land

Socio cultural aspects of Reform

• Farmers practice leadership and enhance productivity

Religious Aspects of Reform

• Biblical underpinnings say creator owns all earth

Primary objective Reform

• To end land of ownership
• To bring equality opportunities
• Designed activities for lands

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

• CARP, or Republic Act 6657, redistributes agricultural lands and aids Tenute Distribution

History Reform

• Philippines develops systems
• Spain agricultural system, workers organized HUKBALAHAP

Quezon administration

• Quezon crop sharing tenant wAs tenants
• Manuel Roxas arrangement with landlords

Elpidio

• Quirino’s administration development land.

Magsaysay administration

• Honest of program

Agrarian Reforms

• The Land Refirm of 1955 implements and

1955 Reforms

• The code consists of Tenants areas, landed estate,old settlements

Carl reforms

• ALl lands cover govern and are disposal

Qualified Beneficiary

• Agriculture,seasonal

carper law improved

• carl and budgets with all provisions.

New Consitutions

• Fundamental principles

Government framework

• Provides framework