24 Questions
What does blood gas (ABG) analysis provide immediate information on?
Patient's respiratory system
Which of the following measurements augments the diagnostic sensitivity of blood gas analysis?
Blood glucose and lactate
Which approach utilizes the interrelationship between PaCO2 and [HCO3−] to detect and diagnose acid-base abnormalities?
Descriptive approach
Which concept is included in the semi-quantitative approach in acid-base balance?
Buffer base (BB) concept
Which approach is likely to dominate the clinical approach to acid-base chemistry over time?
Quantitative approach
which one is the simple AG equation
([Na + ] − [Cl − ] + [HCO − ])
Which gap variant takes into account potassium and lactate among other ions?
Anion gap (modern)
What does a delta ratio greater than 2 indicate?
Mixed acid-base abnormalities
What is the primary cause of an acidosis when the anion gap widens to over 20 mEq/L?
Renal acids or ketones
In the context of metabolic acidosis, what does the delta ratio of less than 0.4 indicate?
Presence of hyperchloremic acidosis
Which tool accurately quantifies metabolic acidosis by compensating for hypoalbuminemia?
Corrected anion gap
What is the significant limitation associated with the anion gap?
Underestimates metabolic disturbance
'The sum of the difference in charge of the common extracellular ions reveals an unaccounted for 'gap' of -10 to -12 mEq/L.' This unaccounted gap is mainly caused by which components?
Weak acids like phosphate and albumin
In acute respiratory acidosis, how much does [HCO3−] increase for every 10 mm Hg elevation in PaCO2 above 40 mm Hg?
1 mEq/L
What is the formula to determine the expected PaCO2 in acute metabolic acidosis using the [HCO3−] value?
$1.5 \times [HCO3^-] + 8$
What does an increase in [HCO3−] concentration in chronic hypoventilation actually reflect?
Increased total CO2 in the body
Which of the following is a potential pitfall of the PCO2-HCO3− approach?
Requires mental arithmetic and learning formulas
What happens to PaCO2 in metabolic alkalosis as a result of hypoventilation?
It falls predictably
What happens to PaCO2 for every 1 mEq/L reduction in base excess according to Winters' BE approach?
It decreases by 1 mm Hg
What is the expected PaCO2 value if a patient has a [HCO3−] level of 28 mmol/L according to the metabolic alkalosis formula?
32.6 mm Hg
In chronic respiratory acidosis, how much does [HCO3−] increase for every 10 mm Hg elevation in PaCO2 above 40 mm Hg?
3 mEq/L
what is the DELTA RATIO of Hyperchloremic normal AG acidosis?
DR less Than 0.4
what is the DELTA RATIO of less than 1 reflect?
High AG and normal AG acidosis
what is the average DR of lactic acidosis
1.6
Explore the various analytic tools used in acid-base chemistry blood gas (ABG) analysis to assess the patient's respiratory system and identify acidosis or alkalosis. By applying empiric rules, one can determine the presence, cause, and progression of diseases with the information from an ABG.
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