Analog Instruments: Types and Applications
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Questions and Answers

What is the resolution of a 16-bit A/D converter?

  • 1 part in 65536 (correct)
  • 1 part in 8192
  • 1 part in 1024
  • 1 part in 4096

    • Why are high-resolution instruments preferred in leak detection systems?

  • Because they are less expensive than low-resolution instruments
  • Because they provide accurate absolute measurements
  • Because they are easier to operate
  • Because they can detect small changes in instrument readings (correct)

    • What is the primary difference between analog and digital instruments?

  • Analog instruments are more accurate than digital instruments
  • Analog instruments measure voltage while digital instruments measure current
  • Analog instruments have continuous output while digital instruments have discrete output (correct)
  • Analog instruments are used for leak detection while digital instruments are used for pressure measurement

    • Why are smart transmitters preferred in certain applications?

    <p>Because they eliminate A/D conversion issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are analog instruments classified?

    <p>By the quantity they measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classification of electrical instruments is based on the kind of current that can be measured?

    <p>Instruments for DC, AC and DC/AC currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the damping torque in indicating instruments?

    <p>To reduce the number of oscillations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instruments totalize events over a specified period of time?

    <p>Integrating instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between direct measuring instruments and comparison instruments?

    <p>Direct measuring instruments convert energy directly into a measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the controlling torque in indicating instruments?

    <p>To control the movement of the pointer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of damping torque in analogue instruments?

    <p>To reduce the number of oscillations of the pointer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of damping torque is produced by the friction caused by a fluid?

    <p>Fluid friction damping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the deflecting system in an electrical instrument?

    <p>To convert electrical energy into mechanical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is used in moving iron instruments to produce deflecting torque?

    <p>Magnetic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of induction effect used in energy meters?

    <p>The eddy currents induced in the aluminum disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of analog meters over digital voltmeters?

    <p>Better representation of order of magnitude and trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a shunt in an analog ammeter?

    <p>To provide a low resistance path for high currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary principle behind the operation of hotwire instruments?

    <p>Heating effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the fixed coil in an electrodynamic type instrument?

    <p>To provide a uniform magnetic field at the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of controlling torque in measuring instruments?

    <p>To produce an equal torque in opposite direction to deflecting torque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the sensitivity of an analog ammeter?

    <p>The amount of current required to produce full-scale deflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is eddy current damping not used in electrodynamic type instruments?

    <p>Because it distorts the main magnetic field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an analog multimeter be configured to measure multiple voltage ranges?

    <p>By adjusting the scale of the meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it desirable to have a low Torque to Weight Ratio (T/W Ratio) in measuring instruments?

    <p>To ensure the instrument can show appreciable deflection for small magnitude quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using analog ammeters in certain applications?

    <p>They can indicate trends and order of magnitude better</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common type of galvanometer used in analog voltmeters?

    <p>D'Arsonval moving-coil galvanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the magnetic shielding arrangement in electrodynamic type instruments?

    <p>To protect the instrument from external magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of moving-coil galvanometers in measuring voltage?

    <p>They are not suitable for AC measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the moving coil in an electrodynamic type instrument?

    <p>It is wound on a non-magnetic metallic former</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using social media in the educational process during pandemic times?

    <p>It has an advantage in the educational process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of social media platforms in the context of job search?

    <p>It provides a platform to connect with renowned entrepreneurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of social media according to the text?

    <p>It leads to oversharing and privacy problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of blackmailing and release of intimate videos on social media platforms?

    <p>It can worsen and erode one's reputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the concept of 'two sides of a coin' in the text?

    <p>Everything has both merits and demerits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's suggestion for dealing with the negative aspects of social media?

    <p>Try to remain out of the toxic environment created by social media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of social media connections according to the text?

    <p>They lack the basic essence of mental and emotional connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cyberbullying on social media platforms?

    <p>It creates a toxic environment for victims and bullies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's suggestion for maintaining a positive online presence?

    <p>Show only the good or favourable things to the people around us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between social media connections and real-life connections?

    <p>Social media connections lack the basic essence of mental and emotional connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the author's message about the use of social media?

    <p>We need to be careful and aware of the pros and cons of social media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mode is the SCR in the ON state and conducting?

    <p>Forward Conduction Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the applied forward bias voltage beyond the breakdown voltage?

    <p>The SCR will start conducting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a positive voltage to the gate terminal?

    <p>To turn on the SCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mode is the positive voltage applied to the Cathode and the Negative voltage is given to the Anode?

    <p>Reverse Blocking Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the current flowing in the reverse direction of the SCR in the Reverse Blocking Mode?

    <p>Reverse Leakage Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the voltage level at which the SCR moves to the conduction mode?

    <p>Breakdown Voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SCRs in controlling the speed of a DC motor?

    <p>To control the current given to the armature winding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of circuit used to control the speed of a DC motor using SCRs?

    <p>Transformer Circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a positive voltage to the gate of the SCR in low voltage applications?

    <p>To help the SCR move to the conduction state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of current flowing through the SCR in the Forward Conduction Mode?

    <p>High Amount of Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only mode where the SCR will be in the ON state and conducting?

    <p>Forward Conduction Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the applied forward bias voltage is increased beyond the breakdown voltage?

    <p>The SCR will start conducting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a positive voltage to the gate terminal?

    <p>To turn on the SCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which mode is the positive voltage applied to the Cathode and the Negative voltage is given to the Anode?

    <p>Reverse Blocking Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the current flowing in the reverse direction of the SCR in the Reverse Blocking Mode?

    <p>Reverse Leakage Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage level at which the SCR moves to the conduction mode?

    <p>Breakdown Voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of SCRs in controlling the speed of a DC motor?

    <p>To control the speed of the motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of circuit is used to control the speed of a DC motor using SCRs?

    <p>Control Circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a positive voltage to the gate of the SCR in low voltage applications?

    <p>To turn on the SCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of current flows through the SCR in the Forward Conduction Mode?

    <p>Conduction Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Analog Instruments

    • Analog instruments are devices that measure physical quantities, such as pressure, voltage, and current, and display the output in a continuous signal.
    • These instruments are extensively used in various applications, including engineering, physics, and chemistry.

    Classification of Analog Instruments

    • Analog instruments can be classified into three types based on their function:
      • Indicating instruments: These instruments measure the magnitude of a quantity and display the output using a dial and a pointer. Examples include voltmeters, ammeters, and wattmeters.
      • Recording instruments: These instruments record the variations of a quantity over a specific period. Examples include recording voltmeters and oscilloscopes.
      • Integrating instruments: These instruments totalize events over a specific period. Examples include ampere-hour meters and watt-hour meters.

    Deflection, Controlling, and Damping Torques

    • Deflection torque: The torque required to deflect the pointer of an instrument to a specific position. It is produced by the deflecting system.
    • Controlling torque: The torque that opposes the deflection torque and brings the pointer back to its zero position. It is produced by the controlling system.
    • Damping torque: The torque that reduces the oscillations of the pointer and helps it to settle quickly. It is produced by the damping system.

    Effects Used to Produce Deflecting Torque

    • Magnetic effect: Used in most ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. It produces a deflecting torque by using a magnetic field.
    • Electromagnetic induction effect: Used in voltmeters, ammeters, and energy meters. It produces a deflecting torque by using electromagnetic induction.
    • Heating effect: Used in thermal instruments. It produces a deflecting torque by using the heat generated by the current.
    • Chemical effect: Used in integrating instruments. It produces a deflecting torque by using a chemical reaction.
    • Electrostatic effect: Used in electrostatic instruments. It produces a deflecting torque by using an electrostatic field.

    Torque to Weight Ratio (T/W Ratio)

    • The T/W ratio is an important factor in instrument design. It is the ratio of the deflecting torque to the frictional torque.
    • A higher T/W ratio indicates a more sensitive instrument.

    Analog Voltmeters and Ammeters

    • Analog voltmeters measure voltage and display the output using a needle.
    • Analog ammeters measure current and display the output using a needle.
    • Both types of instruments use a moving coil or a moving iron to measure the quantity.

    Comparison with Digital Instruments

    • Analog instruments have some advantages over digital instruments, such as:
      • Providing a better idea of the order of magnitude and trends.
      • Not requiring a power supply beyond the test current source.
    • However, digital instruments have generally superseded analog instruments due to their superior accuracy and precision.

    Scale and Range

    • Analog instruments have a scale and range that is determined by the instrument's design.

    • The scale and range can be altered by providing a shunt coil or a multiplier.### Merits and Demerits

    • Merits refer to favorable circumstances, means, or opportunities that contribute to the success of a desired end.

    • Merits also describe the respectable qualities of a thing that make it worthy of respect and praise.

    Demerits

    • Demerits refer to the marks or characteristics of a thing that are deficient or misconduct.
    • Demerits hamper the respect a thing has gained through its merits.

    Difference between Merits and Demerits

    • Merits are favorable to success, while demerits are unfavorable and have adverse effects.
    • Merits refer to advantages or favorable significance, while demerits refer to unfavorable points.

    Importance of Considering Merits and Demerits

    • When evaluating a thing, it is essential to consider both merits and demerits to make an informed decision.

    Examples of Merits and Demerits

    Merits of Social Media

    • Social media provides a wide social and mental platform for expression.
    • It helps small businesses with marketing strategies.
    • Social media is beneficial for educational purposes, especially during pandemic times.
    • It can aid in job searches and provide opportunities to connect with entrepreneurs.
    • Online profiles on LinkedIn help individuals connect with notable entrepreneurs.

    Demerits of Social Media

    • Oversharing on social media can lead to privacy problems.
    • Cyberbullying is a significant disadvantage of social media.
    • Social media platforms can spread misinformation.
    • Blackmailing and releasing intimate videos on social media can harm reputations.
    • Social media lacks the basic essence of mental and emotional connections between people.
    • Not everyone is genuine on social media platforms, and it can be misleading.

    Electric Drives

    • Definition: Electric Drives are electro-mechanical systems designed to control the motion of electrical machines.
    • Components: Electric motor, energy transmitting device, and working (or driven) machine.
    • Function: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to impart motion to machines.

    Block Diagram of Electric Drives

    • Power Source: Provides power to the system.
    • Power Electronic Converter: Converts input electrical energy into a form that can drive the motor.
    • Motor: Converts applied energy into mechanical motion.
    • Load: Part of the system that requires motion, such as pumps, machines, etc.
    • Control Unit and Sensor Unit: Controls the power converter and senses the voltage or current signal as feedback.

    Classification of Electric Drives

    • DC Drives: Use DC motors and are used in adjustable speed drives and position control.
    • AC Drives: Use AC motors and are used in applications such as pumps, machines, etc.

    Advantages of Electric Drives

    • Flexible motion control
    • Easy starting and loading
    • High efficiency with low losses and overload capability
    • Easy to achieve dynamic load characteristics
    • Can perform four-quadrant operation in the Torque/Speed plane

    Disadvantages of Electric Drives

    • Requires a power supply
    • Output power is limited
    • Poor dynamic response
    • System operation fails in case of power breakouts
    • Expensive

    Applications of Electric Drives

    • Industrial applications: pumps, fans, motors, transportation systems, etc.
    • Domestic applications: refrigeration, air conditioning, belt conveyors, etc.

    Mechatronics

    • Definition: The synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, control engineering, and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes.
    • Multi-disciplinary approach: combines mechanical, electrical, and software engineering to design and manufacture products.

    Evolution of Mechatronics

    • Primary Level Mechatronics: Basic control systems with sensors and actuators.
    • Secondary Level Mechatronics: Integrates microelectronics into electrically controlled devices.
    • Tertiary Level Mechatronics: Incorporates advanced feedback functions and microprocessors.
    • Quaternary Level Mechatronics: Includes intelligent control and fault detection capabilities.

    Power Transistors

    • Definition: Three-terminal devices composed of semiconductor materials, used to control high current-voltage rating.
    • Types: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), Static Induction Transistors (SITs), and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs).

    Applications of Power Transistors

    • Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS)
    • Relays
    • Converters
    • Power amplifiers
    • DC to AC converters
    • Power supply
    • Power control circuits
    • Inverters### Power Transistor Structure
    • A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a vertically oriented device with a large cross-section area that accommodates alternate P and N-type layers connected together.
    • A BJT is composed of PNP or NPN transistors and features three terminals: emitter, base, and collector.

    Power Transistor Operation

    • Based on forward and reverse bias conditions, a power transistor operates in four regions:
    • Cut-off region
    • Active region
    • Quasi-saturation region
    • Hard saturation region

    V-I Output Characteristics of a Power Transistor

    • The output characteristics show the relationship between VCE and IC.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Power Transistors

    • Advantages:
    • High voltage gain
    • High current density
    • Low forward voltage
    • Large gain-bandwidth product
    • Disadvantages:
    • Low thermal stability
    • Complex control
    • High noise

    Applications of Power Transistors

    • Power transistors are used in:
    • Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS)
    • Relays
    • Converters
    • Power amplifiers
    • DC to AC converters
    • Power supply
    • Power control circuits
    • Inverters

    SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

    • An SCR is a unidirectional device that allows current to flow in one direction and opposes it in another direction.
    • It has three terminals: Anode (A), Cathode (K), and Gate (G).
    • SCR Symbol: similar to a diode symbol with an additional gate terminal.

    Construction of SCR

    • SCR is a four-layered semiconductor device with NPNP or PNPN structure, forming three junctions (J1, J2, and J3).
    • The Anode is a P-layer, and the Cathode is an N-layer.
    • The Gate acts as a control terminal.
    • SCRs are constructed in three types: planar, Mesa, and Press pack.

    Working Principle of SCR

    • SCR operates in three modes:
    • Forward Blocking mode: No current flows due to reverse-biased J2.
    • Forward Conduction mode: SCR conducts when voltage exceeds breakdown voltage or a positive voltage is applied to the gate.
    • Reverse Blocking mode: No current flows due to reverse-biased J1 and J3.

    VI Characteristics of SCR

    • Obtained by operating the SCR in three regions: forward blocking, forward conduction, and reverse blocking.
    • The graph shows the relationship between voltage and current, including leakage currents and breakdown voltage.

    SCR Applications

    • SCRs are used in various applications, including:
    • Converter circuits
    • Control circuits
    • Speed control of motors
    • Thyristor applications

    Electric Drives

    • Definition: Electric Drives are electro-mechanical systems designed to control the motion of electrical machines.
    • Components: Electric motor, energy transmitting device, and working (or driven) machine.
    • Function: Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to impart motion to machines.

    Block Diagram of Electric Drives

    • Power Source: Provides power to the system.
    • Power Electronic Converter: Converts input electrical energy into a form that can drive the motor.
    • Motor: Converts applied energy into mechanical motion.
    • Load: Part of the system that requires motion, such as pumps, machines, etc.
    • Control Unit and Sensor Unit: Controls the power converter and senses the voltage or current signal as feedback.

    Classification of Electric Drives

    • DC Drives: Use DC motors and are used in adjustable speed drives and position control.
    • AC Drives: Use AC motors and are used in applications such as pumps, machines, etc.

    Advantages of Electric Drives

    • Flexible motion control
    • Easy starting and loading
    • High efficiency with low losses and overload capability
    • Easy to achieve dynamic load characteristics
    • Can perform four-quadrant operation in the Torque/Speed plane

    Disadvantages of Electric Drives

    • Requires a power supply
    • Output power is limited
    • Poor dynamic response
    • System operation fails in case of power breakouts
    • Expensive

    Applications of Electric Drives

    • Industrial applications: pumps, fans, motors, transportation systems, etc.
    • Domestic applications: refrigeration, air conditioning, belt conveyors, etc.

    Mechatronics

    • Definition: The synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, control engineering, and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes.
    • Multi-disciplinary approach: combines mechanical, electrical, and software engineering to design and manufacture products.

    Evolution of Mechatronics

    • Primary Level Mechatronics: Basic control systems with sensors and actuators.
    • Secondary Level Mechatronics: Integrates microelectronics into electrically controlled devices.
    • Tertiary Level Mechatronics: Incorporates advanced feedback functions and microprocessors.
    • Quaternary Level Mechatronics: Includes intelligent control and fault detection capabilities.

    Power Transistors

    • Definition: Three-terminal devices composed of semiconductor materials, used to control high current-voltage rating.
    • Types: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), Static Induction Transistors (SITs), and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs).

    Applications of Power Transistors

    • Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS)
    • Relays
    • Converters
    • Power amplifiers
    • DC to AC converters
    • Power supply
    • Power control circuits
    • Inverters### Power Transistor Structure
    • A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a vertically oriented device with a large cross-section area that accommodates alternate P and N-type layers connected together.
    • A BJT is composed of PNP or NPN transistors and features three terminals: emitter, base, and collector.

    Power Transistor Operation

    • Based on forward and reverse bias conditions, a power transistor operates in four regions:
    • Cut-off region
    • Active region
    • Quasi-saturation region
    • Hard saturation region

    V-I Output Characteristics of a Power Transistor

    • The output characteristics show the relationship between VCE and IC.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Power Transistors

    • Advantages:
    • High voltage gain
    • High current density
    • Low forward voltage
    • Large gain-bandwidth product
    • Disadvantages:
    • Low thermal stability
    • Complex control
    • High noise

    Applications of Power Transistors

    • Power transistors are used in:
    • Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS)
    • Relays
    • Converters
    • Power amplifiers
    • DC to AC converters
    • Power supply
    • Power control circuits
    • Inverters

    SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

    • An SCR is a unidirectional device that allows current to flow in one direction and opposes it in another direction.
    • It has three terminals: Anode (A), Cathode (K), and Gate (G).
    • SCR Symbol: similar to a diode symbol with an additional gate terminal.

    Construction of SCR

    • SCR is a four-layered semiconductor device with NPNP or PNPN structure, forming three junctions (J1, J2, and J3).
    • The Anode is a P-layer, and the Cathode is an N-layer.
    • The Gate acts as a control terminal.
    • SCRs are constructed in three types: planar, Mesa, and Press pack.

    Working Principle of SCR

    • SCR operates in three modes:
    • Forward Blocking mode: No current flows due to reverse-biased J2.
    • Forward Conduction mode: SCR conducts when voltage exceeds breakdown voltage or a positive voltage is applied to the gate.
    • Reverse Blocking mode: No current flows due to reverse-biased J1 and J3.

    VI Characteristics of SCR

    • Obtained by operating the SCR in three regions: forward blocking, forward conduction, and reverse blocking.
    • The graph shows the relationship between voltage and current, including leakage currents and breakdown voltage.

    SCR Applications

    • SCRs are used in various applications, including:
    • Converter circuits
    • Control circuits
    • Speed control of motors
    • Thyristor applications

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