Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits

A straight line graph representing the possible operating points of a transistor's collector-emitter voltage (Vce) and collector current (Ic) within a specific circuit.

The point on the load line where the transistor's collector current (Ic) is maximum, and collector-emitter voltage (Vce) is nearly zero.

The point on the DC load line where the collector current (Ic) is zero, and collector-emitter voltage (Vce) is maximum, equal to the supply voltage (VCC).

The operating point of a transistor where the collector current and voltage intersect with the DC load line, providing the desired amplification.

Applying a DC voltage to a transistor's base-emitter junction to set its operating point in the active region.

A transistor biasing method where the base is connected to a voltage source through a resistor, setting a relatively constant base-emitter voltage.

A transistor biasing method that reverse-biases the collector-base junction to create stable operating conditions with a bias voltage on the base-emitter junction through a resistor.

Biasing method using a voltage divider network to supply a DC voltage to the base-emitter junction, creating a stable operating point.

Blocks DC, lets AC signals pass through in an amplifier.

Links amplifier stages, blocking DC between them.

Lowers emitter resistor impedance for AC signals, stabilizes amplifier.

Provides load for the transistor, determines voltage/current gain.

Amplifies AC signals using resistors and capacitors.

How an amplifier's gain changes with input frequency.

Generates a signal without an external input.

A part of an amplifier that increases the signal strength.

Feedback signal from output voltage, fed to input via series resistance. Provides stability and wide frequency response.

An amplifier design where each transistor conducts for only half of the input signal's cycle.

Feedback signal from output voltage, fed to input via shunt resistance. Provides high input impedance and low output impedance.

The operating point of a transistor, shifted to the x-axis (cutoff) for class B operation.

A class B amplifier using two transistors (one NPN, one PNP) to alternately conduct current through a load, reducing distortion.

Feedback signal from output current, fed to input via series resistance. Provides high gain and good bandwidth.

Output waveform distortion arising from each transistor only conducting during half of the input signal cycle in class B operation.

Feedback signal from output current, fed to input via shunt resistance. Provides good linearity and low output impedance.

Feedback signal from output current, fed to input via voltage-controlled current source. High linearity, low noise.

The signal driving the transistors in a class B amplifier; its positive and negative cycles are handled by different transistors.

Electronic circuit using resistors and capacitors to amplify audio signals across stages.

Each transistor conducts only during half of the input cycle and is in cutoff during the other half.

Common transistor type used in RC coupled amplifiers, often in common emitter configuration.

The current flowing between the collector and emitter of a transistor, flows for only 180° (half cycle) of the input signal in class B operation.

An NPN and a PNP transistor working together in a push-pull amplifier; their characteristics complement each other.

Resistor network that provides stable operating point for transistor in an amplifier.

A MOSFET that conducts maximum current when no gate voltage is applied, and the channel conductivity decreases with gate voltage.

A MOSFET that does not conduct when there's no gate voltage, but conductivity increases with higher gate voltage.

One of three terminals in a MOSFET; the source terminal provides the entry point for current.

One of three terminals in a MOSFET; the drain terminal is where the current exits the device.

A terminal in a MOSFET that controls the conductivity between the source and drain by forming an electric field.

A MOSFET with an n-type semiconductor material, n-type source and drain, and an insulated gate.

A MOSFET with a p-type semiconductor material, p-type source and drain, and an insulated gate.

A condition in a MOSFET where there is no voltage difference between the gate and source terminals.

A MOSFET operating mode where applying a positive gate-to-source voltage increases the channel conductivity allowing current to flow.

The MOSFET operating region where gate-to-source voltage is below threshold, resulting in zero current flow and the MOSFET acting like an open switch.

The MOSFET operating region where current increases with drain-source voltage, potentially used for amplification.

The MOSFET operating region where current is constant despite further increases in drain-source voltage, typically used for switching.

Electron-rich region formed in an n-channel MOSFET when a positive voltage is applied to the gate (Vgs > Vth).

The minimum gate-to-source voltage required to create an inversion layer in a MOSFET.

Applying a positive voltage from gate to source.

Voltage applied from the gate to the source in a MOSFET.