Questions and Answers
What does the term 'adrenergic' mean?
What is the definition of non-adrenergic?
Liberating, activated by, or involving norepinephrine in the transmission of nerve impulses.
What does cholinergic refer to?
Liberating, activated by, or involving acetylcholine.
What is acetylcholine?
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What is an agonist?
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What is an antagonist?
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What is the definition of an opioid?
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What does the term 'opiate' refer to?
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What defines a non-opioid?
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How do opioids reduce pain?
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What are NSAIDs?
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What is the purpose of adjuvant analgesics?
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What are opioid antagonists used for?
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What are opioid agonist-antagonists?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic and Non-Adrenergic
- Adrenergic substances are activated by adrenaline, influencing nerve fibers in various bodily functions.
- Non-adrenergic substances involve norepinephrine in transmitting nerve impulses, impacting central noradrenergic pathways.
Cholinergic and Acetylcholine
- Cholinergic fibers release or are activated by acetylcholine, crucial for autonomic nervous system functions.
- Acetylcholine (C7H17NO3) is a neurotransmitter essential for nerve impulse transmission, formed from choline in tissues.
Agonists and Antagonists
- Agonists are chemicals that activate receptors to produce pharmacological responses.
- Antagonists reduce the activity of other chemicals in the body by blocking their receptors, particularly in the nervous system.
Opioids and Opiates
- Opioids encompass endogenous neural peptides (like endorphins) and synthetic drugs (like methadone) that mimic opiate properties.
- Opiates include sedative narcotics containing opium or its derivatives, inducing similar narcotic effects as opioids.
Non-Opioids
- Non-opioid analgesics primarily provide pain relief, fever reduction, and inflammation control without binding to opioid receptors.
Opioid vs. Non-Opioid
- Opioids target pain receptors in the brain/spinal cord to reduce pain perception, while non-opioids work directly on injured tissues.
- Opioids diminish awareness of pain, whereas non-opioids address chemical changes at injury sites that contribute to pain and inflammation.
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
- NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, reducing pain, edema, and inflammation in response to tissue damage.
Adjuvant Analgesics
- Adjuvant analgesics, including antidepressants and anticonvulsants, are used alongside conventional analgesics for persistent or neuropathic pain management.
Opioid Antagonists
- Opioid antagonists serve as antidotes for overdoses related to natural and synthetic opioid analgesics.
Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
- These medications combine an opioid antagonist (such as Naloxone) with an opioid agonist, providing a balance in pain management.
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Description
Test your knowledge of analgesics and their classifications with these flashcards. Learn about adrenergic, non-adrenergic, and cholinergic systems and how they function in nerve transmission. Ideal for students in pharmacology or medicine.
