Anaesthesia and Immobilisation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three factors that can cause immobility failure in animal darts?

Dart Fracture, Drug Viscosity, Interaction Between Drugs

Operator Inexperience, Cold Ambient Temperature, Inadequate Dosing

Operator Error, Dart Blockage, Improper Drug Choice

Operator Failure, Dart Ignition Failure, Drug Misplacement (correct)

Which adverse effect during immobilization is caused by increased ventilation/perfusion mismatching and hyperventilation?

Exertional Myopathy

Hypothermia

Respiratory Depression

Myocardial Ischaemia (correct)

What is the primary technique for euthanasia of large species?

Opioids (IV or IM)

Barbiturates (IV)

Cervical Dislocation

Permanent Stunning (Electrical) (correct)

Why are sperm whale euthanasia devices not allowed in the UK?

They violate firearm regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative to euthanasia that is controversial as it may prolong suffering or delay the inevitable?

Palliative Care Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to significant differences in administered doses, especially for grey seals during different lactation periods?

Errors in Dose Estimation Signup and view all the answers

What can cause drug failure in animal darts by increasing drug viscosity, leading to a fractured dart on impact or reduced gas pressure?

Cold Ambient Temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the adverse effect of immobilization caused by intense muscular exertion, increasing the risk of capture myopathy?

Exertional Myopathy Signup and view all the answers

What are the two significant adverse effects during immobilization?

Myocardial Ischaemia and Hyperthermia Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for euthanasia of small and large animals through inhaled administration?

Carbon Monoxide Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT an ultra-potent opioid?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is NOT associated with ultra-potent opioids?

Sedation Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of drugs is NOT used for large animal immobilization?

Etorphine/Medetomidine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug combination can produce neuroleptanalgesia?

Ketamine/Midazolam Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Flumazenil and Sarmazenil in relation to potent opioids?

Antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for operators when administering potent opioids and concentrated alpha-2 agonists?

Rapid absorption through skin Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of the principles of physical restraint?

Minimizing duration of restraint Signup and view all the answers

What method is NOT used for direct administration of anaesthesia to wildlife?

Topical application Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes needles used for remote administration?

Sliding silicon part to prevent drug leakage before insertion Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using a gas-powered rifle or pistol for darting wildlife?

Potential for significant tissue injury and unacceptable trauma at short ranges Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of immobilisation/anaesthesia in veterinary medicine?

To render the animal insensible to pain during surgery or trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of general anaesthesia on the patient's perception and memory?

Prevents the patient from recalling traumatic events Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the patient experience the highest respiratory rate?

During biopsy procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration for immobilisation/anesthesia in relation to weather conditions?

Cold, windy, or wet conditions can affect the thermoregulation of the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is a species-specific issue to consider during immobilisation/anesthesia?

The potential for seals to become apnoeic and bradycardic Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical piece of emergency equipment to be prepared for during immobilisation/anesthesia?

Airway control equipment for intubation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration regarding safety implications when immobilising or anesthetizing animals on moving platforms?

Potential risks associated with airway obstruction during movement Signup and view all the answers

Which property of drugs is considered desirable in terms of practicalities for immobilisation/anesthesia?

Stability in field conditions, unaffected by heat/cold Signup and view all the answers

What type of location is important for considering immobilisation/anesthesia?

Location suitable for effective thermoregulation of the patient Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Desirable properties of drugs for drug effects include: Rapidly acting, Antagonizable, Predictable dose-effect relationship, Reliable, Dose-dependent, and Minimal adverse effects, especially for cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Ultra-potent opioids include Etorphine, Carfentanil, and Thiofentanyl, which are more potent than morphine by 1000x or 10000x.
Adverse effects of ultra-potent opioids include respiratory depression, muscle rigidity, reduced physiological response to hypoxaemia/hypercapnia, and vasoconstriction (systemic and pulmonary).
Neuroleptanalgesia is a state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer, providing a synergistic effect and reducing doses and side effects.
Opioids used for neuroleptanalgesia include Etorphine, Carfentanil, and Thiofentanyl. Sedatives used include Azaperone, Medetomidine, and ACP (phenothiazine).
Combination drugs for large animal immobilization include Etophrine/ACP.
Dissociative anaesthetics, such as Ketamine and Tiletamine, can be given in combination with sedatives like Medetomidine and Midazolam to produce neuroleptanalgesia.
Flumazenil and Sarmazenil are full antagonists used to reverse the effects of potent opioids. Dissociative anaesthetics cannot be antagonized.
Sequential analgesia using partial agonists Buprenorphine and Diprenorphine can outcompete full mu-agonists and have an antagonist-like effect.
Risk factors for operators when administering potent opioids and concentrated alpha-2 agonists include concentrated solutions and transmucosal absorption, which can lead to serious adverse effects in humans.
Mitigating risk factors for operators includes being very careful, having a disaster recovery plan with a full antagonist like naloxone, means of communication, and means of evacuation, and operator training.
The principles of physical restraint include being safe for people and animals, easy to apply, minimizing duration, and allowing for a rapid return to normal physiology.
Direct administration of anaesthesia to wildlife is possible when the animal is cooperative and physical restraint is effective.
Direct administration methods include oral or oral transmucosal drug combinations, hand injection (IM or IV), pole syringe, and remote administration with a drug-containing dart.
Remote administration uses a drug-containing dart that releases its contents after impact, driven by pressurized gas or an explosive (usually gunpowder).
Needles used for remote administration have a side port and a sliding silicon part to prevent drug leakage before the needle is inside the patient.
Strengths and limitations of using a blow pipe include effectiveness over short distances, inexpensiveness, slow dart velocity, minimizing tissue injury, and potential for darts to leak and contaminate the mouthpiece.
Strengths and limitations of using a gas-powered rifle or pistol include accuracy at moderate distances, increased tissue trauma over short ranges, and potential for significant tissue injury and unacceptable trauma when used indoors or at short ranges due to force and velocity.

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Description

Test your knowledge about anaesthesia and immobilisation, including general anaesthesia, respiratory rate changes, and drug-induced intoxication of the central nervous system. Learn more about the state in which an animal is insensible to pain resulting from trauma or surgery.