Anaemia and Blood Disorders Quiz

Splenomegaly, while it can worsen anaemia, is not a direct cause. The primary causes of anaemia include shortened RBC lifespan, mutations in haemoglobin, blood loss, and insufficient EPO production.

Pyruvate kinase deficiency disrupts the glycolysis process, leading to insufficient ATP production within red blood cells, crucial for energy production and function.

Pernicious anaemia is characterized by impaired absorption of vitamin B12 due to the lack of intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 uptake.

Thalassaemia is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for haemoglobin production, usually on chromosomes 11 and 16.

The direct Coombs test identifies antibodies directly bound to the surface of red blood cells, particularly relevant in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.

Acute leukaemia is a rapidly progressing blood cancer with a high percentage of blast cells (>30%) in the bone marrow, posing a serious threat.

A measure of the average volume of red blood cells, helping to diagnose anemia types.

A blood test that measures the total amount of iron that can be bound to transferrin, a protein that transports iron in blood.

A genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, resulting in the production of abnormal hemoglobin (HbS).

A form of anemia caused by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate kinase, which is involved in glycolysis.

A blood test used to detect sickle cell disease, which is a common genetic disorder.

A blood test that measures the amount of iron stored in the body, often used to assess iron deficiency.

A characteristic finding on a blood film of patients with lead poisoning, often seen as small dark blue dots.

A blood test that measures the concentration of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Indicates the number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) in the blood. It reflects the bone marrow's ability to produce new red blood cells.

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of this type of anemia, characterized by small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic) red blood cells.

A condition where the body doesn't have enough iron. This can be caused by dietary deficiencies, blood loss, or impaired absorption.

A test that measures the iron-binding capacity of the blood. It's often used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia.

A protein that stores iron in the body. Low serum ferritin levels are a sign of iron deficiency.

A protein that transports iron in the blood. High transferrin saturation indicates that the iron-binding sites on transferrin are mostly filled.

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. It contains iron, which is essential for oxygen transport.

A type of anemia caused by a genetic defect in the production of hemoglobin. This defect leads to abnormal or deficient hemoglobin production, causing red blood cells to be misshapen.

A laboratory test measuring the fragility of red blood cells when exposed to varying salt concentrations, used to identify hereditary spherocytosis, a disorder where red blood cells are abnormally round.

A blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, increasing blood viscosity and leading to clot formation.

Anticoagulant often used to prevent blood clotting in blood collection tubes for CBC (complete blood count) analysis.

A condition characterized by widespread activation of clotting within the blood, leading to both excessive clotting and bleeding due to depletion of clotting factors.

A blood film staining technique commonly used in hematology laboratories to visualize blood cells and their features, aiding in diagnosis.

A type of anemia often associated with chronic kidney disease, characterized by normal size and color of red blood cells but an overall decrease in red blood cell count.

A laboratory test used to detect the presence of antibodies attached to the surface of red blood cells, often employed to diagnose autoimmune haemolytic anemia.

A crucial vitamin in the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, playing a vital role in hemostasis and blood clotting.

The pre-analytical phase in laboratory testing involves ensuring the sample is correctly identified, properly stored, and that any control data is within the expected range.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer defined by a rapid progression and an excessive number of myeloblasts (immature white blood cells) in the bone marrow, often exceeding 20%.

The Philadelphia chromosome, a specific genetic abnormality resulting from the fusion of the BCR and ABL genes, is a defining characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Bence-Jones protein, an abnormal protein produced by plasma cells, is frequently detected in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma.

Reed-Sternberg cells, unique large cells with a characteristic appearance, are the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of cancer affecting the lymphatic system.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) primarily affects B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for the body's immune response.

The Rh (D) antigen is the most likely blood group antigen to cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), a condition where the mother's antibodies attack the baby's red blood cells during pregnancy.

The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is used to detect antibodies in the recipient's blood that are directed against red blood cells from the potential donor, a crucial step in blood transfusion compatibility testing.

Factor VIII is a clotting factor involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Deficiency in this factor leads to Hemophilia A, a bleeding disorder characterized by prolonged bleeding time and increased risk of bleeding.

Factor IX, also known as Christmas factor, is another essential clotting factor involved in the intrinsic pathway, alongside Factor VIII. A deficiency in Factor IX results in Hemophilia B, a bleeding disorder similar to Hemophilia A.

This factor plays a role in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.

Deficiency in Factor XI can lead to a bleeding disorder that is milder than Hemophilia A and B. Individuals with Factor XI deficiency may experience prolonged bleeding after surgery or injury.

This protein helps platelets adhere to the vessel wall. Deficiencies in Von Willebrand factor can lead to von Willebrand disease, causing excessive bleeding. This disease is the most frequent inherited bleeding disorder.

The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) measures the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. A prolonged APTT while the prothrombin time (PT) is normal points to a deficiency in the intrinsic pathway, most commonly Factor VIII.

A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and type of red blood cell (RBC) in a blood sample. RDW, Red Cell Distribution Width shows the variation in sizes among RBCs. It provides a clue to causes of anemia.

Flow cytometry is a laboratory technique used to analyze cells. It utilizes antibodies that bind to cell surface markers, helping to identify cell types, stages of development, and cell populations (like immune cells).

Thromboelastography (TEG) is a laboratory test used to assess blood clotting ability. It provides a detailed analysis of the clot formation process, including clotting time, strength, and stability.