AMSCO AP World History Chapter 12

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Questions and Answers

What period of history is referred to as the Middle Ages?

5th to 15th century (correct)

1st to 4th century

19th century

16th to 18th century

What term is used to describe the first 500 years of the Middle Ages?

Dark Ages

What does the term High Middle Ages refer to?

Last 500 years of the Middle Ages

Who were the Franks?

Germanic kingdom/state that developed in the early Middle Ages Signup and view all the answers

Who was Clovis?

First monarch to unite all Frankish tribes Signup and view all the answers

What did Charles Martel do?

Military leader of the Franks, founded the Carolingian Dynasty Signup and view all the answers

What happened at the Battle of Tours?

Franks defeated Muslim forces Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charlemagne?

Third ruler of the Franks Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Vikings?

Group of Scandinavian invaders who conducted coastal raids Signup and view all the answers

What are longships?

Viking ships that allowed for coastal raids Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Magyars?

Invaders from Central Asia Signup and view all the answers

What is feudalism?

System of obligations between lords and vassals Signup and view all the answers

What is the manorial system?

An economic and social system of medieval Europe Signup and view all the answers

What are fiefs?

Pieces of land that people used as payments Signup and view all the answers

Who are lords?

Landowners and kings' vassals Signup and view all the answers

Who are vassals?

People who owe service to someone else Signup and view all the answers

What are knights?

Personal soldiers and lords' vassals Signup and view all the answers

Who are squires?

Knights' vassals Signup and view all the answers

What are serfs?

Peasants tied to the land Signup and view all the answers

What is chivalry?

Code of honor and etiquette Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-field system?

Crops were rotated between 3 fields Signup and view all the answers

What is the Black Death?

Bubonic plague introduced through trading routes Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hundred Years War?

War between England and France Signup and view all the answers

What is Cluny?

Monastery in France Signup and view all the answers

What is scholasticism?

The system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval universities Signup and view all the answers

What is the Magna Carta?

The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons Signup and view all the answers

What is Gothic architecture?

Architectural style that replaced Romanesque Signup and view all the answers

What is the Estates General?

Body to advise king in early France Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pope Urban II?

Pope who started the Crusades Signup and view all the answers

What is investiture?

Formally giving a person honors or rank Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pope Gregory VII?

Known for the investiture controversy Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hanseatic League?

Commercial alliance between cities in northern Europe Signup and view all the answers

What is a guild?

Association of craftspeople or merchants Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Middle Ages Overview

Middle Ages spanned from the 5th to the 15th century; began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance.
Divided into two parts: Dark Ages (first 500 years) and High Middle Ages (last 500 years).

Key Groups and Leaders

The Franks: A prominent Germanic kingdom, with Paris as its capital.
Clovis: First monarch to unite all Frankish tribes and the first Roman Catholic ruler of the Franks.
Charles Martel: Military leader of the Franks and founder of the Carolingian Dynasty.
Charlemagne: Third ruler of the Franks who promoted church-based education.

Invasions and Conflicts

Battle of Tours: Significant battle where the Franks halted Muslim expansion into northern Europe.
Vikings (Norsemen): Scandinavian invaders known for coastal raids and founding Kievan Rus.
Magyars: Central Asian invaders; modern descendants reside in Hungary.

Feudal and Economic Systems

Feudalism: Defined by obligations between lords and vassals, a dominant social system in medieval Europe.
Manorial System: An economic and social framework where lords exerted legal and economic control over peasants.
Fiefs: Land pieces used as payment for service and loyalty within the feudal system.

Lords: Landowners who held power and authority as vassals to kings.
Vassals: Individuals who pledged service and loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.
Knights: Vassals of lords trained for combat, providing military service.
Squires: Assistants to knights, often training to become knights themselves.
Serfs: Peasants bound to the land, providing labor for lords.

Cultural and Agricultural Advancements

Code of Chivalry: A code of honor and etiquette that guided knightly conduct, comparable to Japanese bushido.
Three-field system: Agricultural technique that improved productivity by rotating crops among three fields.

Major Events and Movements

Black Death: Bubonic plague that spread via trade routes, significantly decreasing Europe's population.
Hundred Years War: Prolonged conflict between England and France that encouraged the use of gunpowder.
Clunaic Reforms: Church reforms initiated at the Cluny monastery in France.

Rise of Political Structures

Magna Carta: Established political rights for English barons, signed by King John in 1215.
Estates General: An advisory body created in early France to provide counsel to the king.

Intellectual and Religious Developments

Scholasticism: Philosophical and theological teaching prevalent in medieval European universities.
Pope Urban II: Initiated the Crusades, a series of religious wars.
Investiture Controversy: Dispute over who held the authority to confer church roles, highlighting tensions between the papacy and monarchs.
Pope Gregory VII: Known for efforts to enhance papal authority amid the investiture controversy.

Trade and Economic Organizations

Hanseatic League: A commercial alliance formed among cities in northern Europe to facilitate trade.
Guild: An association of craftsmen or merchants to regulate their trades and uphold standards.

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Description

Explore key concepts from Chapter 12 of AMSCO AP World History through flashcards. This chapter focuses on the Middle Ages, detailing the transition from the Dark Ages to the Renaissance. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of this crucial period in European history.