Questions and Answers
What period of history is referred to as the Middle Ages?
What term is used to describe the first 500 years of the Middle Ages?
Dark Ages
What does the term High Middle Ages refer to?
Last 500 years of the Middle Ages
Who were the Franks?
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Who was Clovis?
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What did Charles Martel do?
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What happened at the Battle of Tours?
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Who was Charlemagne?
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Who were the Vikings?
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What are longships?
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Who are the Magyars?
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What is feudalism?
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What is the manorial system?
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What are fiefs?
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Who are lords?
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Who are vassals?
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What are knights?
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Who are squires?
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What are serfs?
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What is chivalry?
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What is the three-field system?
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What is the Black Death?
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What was the Hundred Years War?
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What is Cluny?
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What is scholasticism?
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What is the Magna Carta?
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What is Gothic architecture?
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What is the Estates General?
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Who was Pope Urban II?
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What is investiture?
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Who was Pope Gregory VII?
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What was the Hanseatic League?
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What is a guild?
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Study Notes
Middle Ages Overview
- Middle Ages spanned from the 5th to the 15th century; began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance.
- Divided into two parts: Dark Ages (first 500 years) and High Middle Ages (last 500 years).
Key Groups and Leaders
- The Franks: A prominent Germanic kingdom, with Paris as its capital.
- Clovis: First monarch to unite all Frankish tribes and the first Roman Catholic ruler of the Franks.
- Charles Martel: Military leader of the Franks and founder of the Carolingian Dynasty.
- Charlemagne: Third ruler of the Franks who promoted church-based education.
Invasions and Conflicts
- Battle of Tours: Significant battle where the Franks halted Muslim expansion into northern Europe.
- Vikings (Norsemen): Scandinavian invaders known for coastal raids and founding Kievan Rus.
- Magyars: Central Asian invaders; modern descendants reside in Hungary.
Feudal and Economic Systems
- Feudalism: Defined by obligations between lords and vassals, a dominant social system in medieval Europe.
- Manorial System: An economic and social framework where lords exerted legal and economic control over peasants.
- Fiefs: Land pieces used as payment for service and loyalty within the feudal system.
Social Structure
- Lords: Landowners who held power and authority as vassals to kings.
- Vassals: Individuals who pledged service and loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.
- Knights: Vassals of lords trained for combat, providing military service.
- Squires: Assistants to knights, often training to become knights themselves.
- Serfs: Peasants bound to the land, providing labor for lords.
Cultural and Agricultural Advancements
- Code of Chivalry: A code of honor and etiquette that guided knightly conduct, comparable to Japanese bushido.
- Three-field system: Agricultural technique that improved productivity by rotating crops among three fields.
Major Events and Movements
- Black Death: Bubonic plague that spread via trade routes, significantly decreasing Europe's population.
- Hundred Years War: Prolonged conflict between England and France that encouraged the use of gunpowder.
- Clunaic Reforms: Church reforms initiated at the Cluny monastery in France.
Rise of Political Structures
- Magna Carta: Established political rights for English barons, signed by King John in 1215.
- Estates General: An advisory body created in early France to provide counsel to the king.
Intellectual and Religious Developments
- Scholasticism: Philosophical and theological teaching prevalent in medieval European universities.
- Pope Urban II: Initiated the Crusades, a series of religious wars.
- Investiture Controversy: Dispute over who held the authority to confer church roles, highlighting tensions between the papacy and monarchs.
- Pope Gregory VII: Known for efforts to enhance papal authority amid the investiture controversy.
Trade and Economic Organizations
- Hanseatic League: A commercial alliance formed among cities in northern Europe to facilitate trade.
- Guild: An association of craftsmen or merchants to regulate their trades and uphold standards.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 12 of AMSCO AP World History through flashcards. This chapter focuses on the Middle Ages, detailing the transition from the Dark Ages to the Renaissance. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of this crucial period in European history.