AMSCO AP US History Chapter 7 Flashcards

Thomas Jefferson

• Third President of the United States (1801-1809), aligned with the Republican Party, advocated for limited federal government.
• First Secretary of State under George Washington; known for strict interpretation of the Constitution.
• Key achievement: Expanded U.S. territory through the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase

• Acquired in 1803 for $15 million from France, under Napoleon's rule.
• Doubled the size of the U.S. and secured control over the Mississippi trade route.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became Emperor in 1804.
• Facilitated the Louisiana Purchase but later abdicated in 1814 after failing to defeat Great Britain.

Toussaint I'Ouverture

• Led a successful rebellion against French colonial rule in Santo Domingo, causing significant losses for France.

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

• Thomas Jefferson's approach, emphasizing a literal interpretation that restricts federal powers to only what is explicitly stated.
• Contrasts with Alexander Hamilton's loose interpretation, allowing broader federal authority.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Conducted from 1804-1806 to explore the Louisiana Purchase territory.
• Provided valuable maps and scientific findings, promoting westward settlement.

John Marshall

• Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice; established the principle of judicial review.

Judicial Review

• The authority of the Supreme Court to invalidate laws and actions deemed unconstitutional.

Marbury vs. Madison

• Landmark 1803 case asserting the Supreme Court's power of judicial review over Congressional acts.

Aaron Burr

• Third Vice President under Jefferson, known for his duel with Alexander Hamilton which led to Hamilton's death.
• Engaged in radical ventures that jeopardized national unity.

"Quids"

• Faction of Republicans critical of the War of 1812, arguing it violated their principles of limited government.

Barbary Pirates

• Groups from North Africa demanding tribute to protect U.S. ships; conflicts led to the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) after Jefferson halted payments.

Neutrality

• The policy of not supporting either side in a conflict, a position held by the U.S. during the early 1800s.

Impressment

• The forced recruitment of American sailors by the British navy, a key grievance leading to the War of 1812.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

• Incident in 1807 where a British ship attacked the USS Chesapeake, leading to heightened tensions and calls for war.

Embargo Act (1807)

• Jefferson's legislation halting trade with foreign nations to pressure Britain and France; backfired economically leading to its repeal.

James Madison

• Fourth President (1809-1817), pivotal during the War of 1812, previously instrumental in drafting the Constitution and Federalist Papers.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

• Replaced the Embargo Act, allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France, yet failing to alleviate economic strain.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

• Restored trade with Britain and France, conditional upon respect for U.S. neutral rights, reflecting continued tension.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Leaders of a Native American confederacy aiming to resist American expansion into their territories.

William Henry Harrison

• Indiana Territory Governor who led U.S. forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe, defeating Tecumseh’s confederacy.

Battle of Tippecanoe

• Significant 1811 conflict that halted Native American resistance in the West and contributed to War of 1812 tensions.

War Hawks

• Young Republicans advocating for the War of 1812 to expand U.S. territory and assert national honor.

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

• Prominent War Hawks; Clay pushed for the Missouri Compromise, while Calhoun promoted Southern interests and slavery.

War of 1812

• Conflict driven by impressment, shipping interference, and British support for Native Americans; resulted in strengthened U.S. nationalism.

"Old Ironsides"

• Nickname for USS Constitution, symbolizing American naval resilience during the War of 1812 after defeating a British ship.

Battles of Lake Erie and Thames River

• Key U.S. victories that broke British power in the region; Thames concluded with Tecumseh's death, ending Native American alliances.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• Ended the War of 1812; restored pre-war boundaries and relations, despite communication delays affecting outcomes.

Hartford Convention (1814)

• Meeting of Federalist states opposing the War of 1812; proposed amendments and expressed grievances, leading to the party's decline.