Questions and Answers
What significant event occurred in South Vietnam in 1963?
Fall of Diem
What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?
In 1964, North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fired on U.S. warships off the coast of Vietnam, leading Congress to approve President Johnson to wage war.
What was the escalation of troops in Vietnam?
In April 1965, President Johnson sent U.S. combat troops to Vietnam for the first time and continued to escalate troop levels until 540,000 were deployed by March 1969.
Who was General Westmoreland?
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What does the term 'credibility gap' refer to?
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What was the Tet Offensive?
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What were the beliefs of hawks regarding the Vietnam War?
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What did LBJ announce in his television address on March 23, 1968?
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Who was Eugene McCarthy?
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What happened to Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) on June 5, 1968?
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Who was Hubert Humphrey?
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What occurred at the Chicago convention in 1968?
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What does 'white backlash' refer to in the context of the 1968 presidential election?
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Who was Richard Nixon?
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Who ran in the Election of 1960?
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Who was the 43-year-old senator from Massachusetts in 1960?
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What did President Kennedy propose under the New Frontier?
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Who was the first lady in the early 1960s known for her style and appreciation of the arts?
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What was the significant event that took place on November 22, 1963?
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What was the purpose of the Peace Corps established by Kennedy?
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve?
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What was the main focus of the War on Poverty declared by President Johnson in 1964?
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What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 end?
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What major event occurred during the March on Washington in August 1963?
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What is the main idea behind the principle of 'one man, one vote'?
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The Equal Rights Amendment was passed in 1972.
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What did the 24th Amendment accomplish?
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What did the Feminine Mystique address?
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Who led the Students for a Democratic Society?
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Match the following civil rights organizations with their key concepts:
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Study Notes
Election of 1960
- Democrat John F. Kennedy faced Republican Richard M. Nixon in a closely contested election.
- Television played a critical role, influencing public perception leading to Kennedy's victory.
John F. Kennedy
- At 43, Kennedy was seen as vigorous and charismatic, especially during televised debates.
- His presidency was marred by claims of election fraud from some Republicans.
New Frontier
- Proposed domestic programs emphasized education, health care, urban renewal, and civil rights.
- Many of these initiatives were enacted during Lyndon Johnson's administration.
Jacqueline Kennedy
- As First Lady, she infused style, glamour, and an appreciation for the arts into the White House.
Robert Kennedy
- Served as Attorney General under John Kennedy and later became a New York senator in 1964.
- Assassinated in 1968 after a significant California primary victory.
Race to the Moon
- Kennedy's ambitious goal was to land an American on the moon by the close of the 1960s.
Assassination in Dallas
- John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.
Warren Commission
- Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in JFK’s assassination.
- Failure to resolve many questions led to widespread skepticism toward government authority.
Peace Corps
- Established by Kennedy in 1961, aimed at recruiting young volunteers for international aid projects.
Alliance for Progress
- Launched by Kennedy in 1961 to promote economic development and land reform in Latin America.
Trade Expansion Act
- Passed in 1962, allowing tariff reductions with the European Economic Community.
Bay of Pigs
- CIA-backed invasion of Cuba in April 1961 was a failure, solidifying Castro's rule.
Berlin Wall
- Erected in 1961 by East Germany to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.
Cuban Missile Crisis
- Occurred in October 1962, when the U.S. discovered Soviet missile installations in Cuba.
- Led to a tense standoff, resolved with the removal of missiles in exchange for a U.S. non-invasion pledge.
Flexible Response
- Kennedy focused on increasing conventional military capabilities for localized conflicts, avoiding nuclear options.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Signed in 1963 by the U.S. and 100 other nations to halt atmospheric nuclear testing.
Lyndon Johnson
- Assumed presidency following JFK's assassination and won the 1964 election against Barry Goldwater.
- Chose not to seek re-election in 1968.
Great Society
- Johnson aimed to expand New Deal social reforms, implementing numerous significant social programs.
War on Poverty
- Declared by Johnson in 1964, seeking comprehensive measures to combat poverty in America.
Michael Harrington, "The Other America"
- 1962 book highlighting poverty affecting 40 million Americans; influenced policy discussions.
Election of 1964
- Johnson and Humphrey easily secured re-election against Barry Goldwater, receiving 61% of the popular vote.
Barry Goldwater
- Republican candidate in 1964 advocating for the reduction of federal welfare programs.
Medicare; Medicaid
- Medicare: health insurance for those 65 and over; Medicaid: healthcare funding for the poor and disabled.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- Passed in 1965, providing federal assistance to poor school districts and expanding special education funding.
Immigration Act
- Enacted in 1965, abolished discriminatory national origin quotas.
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
- Formed in 1965 to provide federal support for the arts and humanities.
DOT and HUD
- Established by Johnson to oversee transportation and urban development respectively.
Ralph Nader, "Unsafe at Any Speed"
- His 1965 book prompted automotive safety regulations, saving lives.
Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring"
- 1962 publication that raised awareness about pesticide dangers, leading to environmental legislation.
Lady Bird Johnson
- Advocated for environmental improvements through her Beautify America campaign and the Highway Beautification Act.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Legislation banning segregation in public facilities and empowering federal enforcement of school desegregation.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Created to tackle workplace discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin.
24th Amendment
- Ratified in 1964, abolished poll taxes that disenfranchised poorer citizens.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Eliminated literacy tests and enforced measures to enhance voter registration among African Americans.
James Meredith
- First African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi, protected by federal troops after facing violent opposition.
George Wallace
- 1968 presidential candidate tapping into white resentment against federal desegregation policies.
Martin Luther King Jr.
- Led the impactful March on Washington in August 1963, advocating for civil rights.
March on Washington
- Featured Dr. King's historic "I Have a Dream" speech and emphasized the demand for civil rights.
"I Have a Dream" Speech
- Widely regarded as one of the most significant speeches in American history, calling for an end to racial inequality.
March to Montgomery
- A crucial 1965 voting rights march, televised brutality prompted federal intervention to safeguard participants.
Black Muslims
- Led by Elijah Muhammad, they promoted black nationalism and self-improvement.
Malcolm X
- Vocal figure of the Black Muslim movement, he criticized peaceful civil rights strategies and advocated self-defense.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- Civil rights organization promoting "black power" and racial separatism, influenced by Malcolm X.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Another civil rights organization reflecting the ideologies of Malcolm X.
Stokely Carmichael
- Leader of SNCC, he rejected non-violence and promoted "black power" sentiments.
Black Panthers
- Founded in 1966, they advocated self-rule and social reforms for American blacks.
Watts riots, race riots
- The violent aftermath of a racially charged police arrest in Los Angeles in 1965 resulted in significant casualties and property damage.
De Facto Segregation
- Segregation resulting from societal attitudes rather than law, prevalent in northern and western U.S. states.
Kerner Commission
- 1968 report attributed race riots to systemic racism and inequality, claiming America was becoming divided along racial lines.
King Assassination
- Martin Luther King Jr. was killed on April 4, 1968, sparking nationwide riots and unrest.
Warren Court
- Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the court made pivotal decisions that significantly affected American society.
Mapp v. Ohio
- 1961 ruling that prohibited illegally obtained evidence in court proceedings.
Gideon v. Wainwright
- 1966 decision mandated provision of legal counsel for impoverished defendants in state courts.
Escobedo v. Illinois
- 1964 ruling that established a suspect's right to counsel during police interrogations.
Miranda v. Arizona
- Supreme Court ruling in 1966 that extended protections to include the right to be informed of one's rights during arrest.
Reapportionment
- Process of reallocating congressional representation based on population shifts.
Baker v. Carr
- 1962 ruling deemed it unconstitutional for state legislatures to draw district lines favoring rural over urban areas.
One Man, One Vote
- Principle emphasizing equal representation in electoral districts.
Yates v. United States
- 1957 ruling protecting radical speech from government restrictions unless it posed a threat to national security.
Separation of Church and State
- Engel v. Vitale (1962) struck down school-sponsored prayers as a violation of the First Amendment.
Engel v. Vitale
- Landmark case reinforcing church-state separation in public education.
Griswold v. Connecticut
- Supreme Court decision in 1965 that recognized a right to privacy regarding contraceptive use among adults.
Privacy and Contraceptives
- The ruling in Griswold v. Connecticut established state's limitation on regulating contraceptive access.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
- Formed in 1962, influential student organization advocating participatory democracy.
New Left
- A movement of activists endorsing participatory democracy and social justice ideas led by Tom Hayden.
Weathermen
- An extremist faction of the SDS that resorted to violence and vandalism against American institutions.
Counterculture
- Represented by youth rejecting mainstream values through alternative lifestyles, music, and communal living.
Woodstock
- 1969 music festival symbolizing the counterculture movement, attracting around 500,000 attendees.
Alfred Kinsey
- Conducted groundbreaking studies on sexual behavior and attitudes in the late 1940s.
Sexual Revolution
- A cultural shift toward greater acceptance of sexual expression and liberation, emerging during the counterculture era.
Women's Movement
- Revitalized in the 1960s by increased education and employment, alongside civil rights and sexual liberation themes.
Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"
- Her influential 1963 book encouraged women to seek fulfillment beyond traditional domestic roles.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
- Founded in 1966 to fight for equal rights and job opportunities for women using activism inspired by civil rights movements.
Equal Pay Act
- Enacted in 1963 to ensure equal pay for equal work regardless of gender discrimination.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
- Proposed amendment seeking to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex; narrowly failed ratification.
Military Advisors
- By 1963,### Eugene McCarthy
- First antiwar candidate to seek the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination, reflecting the growing unrest over the Vietnam War.
RFK Assassination
- Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) was assassinated on June 5, 1968, after winning the California Democratic primary.
- The assassination was carried out by an Arab nationalist, further deepening national turmoil.
Hubert Humphrey
- Served as Lyndon Johnson's vice president and became the liberal Democratic candidate in the 1968 presidential election.
- His candidacy was significant in the context of the party's internal divisions over the Vietnam War and civil rights.
Chicago Convention
- The 1968 Democratic Convention took place in Chicago amid intense antiwar protests.
- Television broadcasts depicted brutal confrontations between protesters and police, labeled by many as a "police riot."
White Backlash
- Growing resentment among many white Americans towards federal desegregation efforts, antiwar protests, and race riots contributed to George Wallace's rise as a presidential candidate.
- Wallace represented the American Independent Party in the 1968 election, capitalizing on this backlash.
Richard Nixon
- Served as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1960.
- Nominated as the Republican candidate for the presidency in 1960 but lost to John Kennedy in a tight race.
- Elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972, but resigned in 1974 due to the Watergate scandal.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts from Chapter 28 of the AMSCO AP US History textbook, highlighting significant events and figures such as the Election of 1960 and John F. Kennedy. Test your knowledge on how television influenced politics and the close race between Kennedy and Nixon.
