Amphetamine Neuropharmacology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

When was cocaine first introduced to Europe?

Cocaine was introduced to Europe during the Spanish conquest in the 1500s.

What were some of the early uses of amphetamines?

Amphetamines were commonly used in wartime to help soldiers stay awake and remain vigilant, as well as for weight reduction, antidepressant, and menstrual difficulties after the war.

Who first used cocaine as a local anesthetic?

Freud was one of the first to use cocaine as a local anesthetic during the late 1800s.

What led to the illegalization of cocaine?

Cocaine became illegal due to the recognition of its addiction potential, health issues, and possibly racism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical use of the Khat plant?

Leaves chewed to provide a mild stimulant effect, with a history of use dating back thousands of years in some indigenous populations. Signup and view all the answers

What are some illegal uses of cathinone and its synthetic derivatives?

Weight loss, depression, and illegal manufacturing. Signup and view all the answers

What are some natural sources of cocaine, ephedrine, and cathinone?

Cocaine from the coca bush, ephedrine from Ephedra vulgaris, and cathinone from the Khat plant. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different forms of cocaine and their methods of use?

Cocaine hydrochloride (snorted or injected), freebase cocaine (smoked or inhaled), and crack cocaine (smoked or inhaled as vapors). Signup and view all the answers

Name some synthetic sources of amphetamines and their uses.

Amphetamines (treatment for ADHD and narcolepsy), methamphetamine (uncommonly used for ADHD and obesity, more commonly in illegal trade), and methylphenidate (Ritalin - treatment of ADHD). Signup and view all the answers

What are the global rates of cocaine use in Canada?

The text does not provide specific global rates of cocaine use in Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What are the global rates of amphetamine and methamphetamine use?

The text does not provide specific global rates of amphetamine and methamphetamine use. Signup and view all the answers

How many poisoning deaths caused by stimulants were reported in 2020 in Canada?

2,744 poisoning deaths (overdoses) caused by stimulants in 2020 in six provinces. Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of cocaine on the neurophysiology of the brain?

Cocaine acts as a reuptake inhibitor, blocking the transport of monoamine into the cell, which leads to monoamine remaining in the synapse. Signup and view all the answers

How does the administration and absorption of cocaine and amphetamines differ?

Cocaine is water soluble and easily absorbed into the body through the stomach, nasal membrane, lungs, or injection, while amphetamines are typically administered orally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the excretion process of amphetamines and cocaine?

The excretion of amphetamines depends on the pH of the urine and they are also excreted in sweat and saliva, with a half-life between 16-34 hours. Cocaine is excreted much faster than amphetamines, with a half-life of about 40-75 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stimulant effects of cathinone on monoamines?

Cathinone stimulates catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and indolamine (serotonin) in the brain's neurophysiology. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key monoamine transporters involved in the action of amphetamines?

dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT) Signup and view all the answers

What are the acute effects of stimulants on the body?

dilated pupils, dry mouth, increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasodilation, bronchodilation, and increased energy Signup and view all the answers

What are the acute subjective effects of stimulants?

improved mood, decreased fatigue, increased energy, improved concentration, rushes (intense feelings of euphoria), and crashes (mild depression) Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotyped behavior, and when is it observed in individuals under the influence of stimulants?

repetitive performance of an act for an extended length; observed in individuals under the influence of stimulants Signup and view all the answers

What harmful effects can chronic high-level use of amphetamines lead to?

monoamine psychosis, paranoid schizophrenia, formication (tactile hallucinations), violence, anxiety, depression, and dependence Signup and view all the answers

What are some tolerance-related acute and chronic effects of amphetamines?

appetite suppression, heart and blood pressure effects, lethal effects, sensitization, and psychotic behavior Signup and view all the answers

What are the withdrawal symptoms of amphetamines?

depression, insomnia, and decreased appetite Signup and view all the answers

How are stimulants used for ADHD treatment, and what are the potential side effects?

by increasing dopamine activity; potential side effects include reduction in growth rate and inappropriate use in individuals with other conditions Signup and view all the answers

What are the harmful effects of stimulants?

physical damage, psychological effects, indirect effects such as hepatitis and AIDS infection, fetal exposure abnormalities, overdose symptoms, and treatment options such as behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of amphetamines?

act as substrate-type releasers, causing leaking of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft and increasing the amount of transmitter released in response to action potential Signup and view all the answers

What brain regions are affected by amphetamines, and what are the resulting effects?

increased hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain activity, leading to increased alertness, energy, agitation, positive emotions, and sympathetic arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in potency between amphetamine/methamphetamine and cocaine at the monoamine transporters?

Amphetamine and methamphetamine are most potent at NET, less at DAT, and even less at SERT; cocaine binds similarly to all three Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Amphetamine Neuropharmacology and Effects Summary

Amphetamines act as substrate-type releasers, causing leaking of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft and increasing the amount of transmitter released in response to action potential.
Key monoamine transporters involved are the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT).
Amphetamine and methamphetamine are most potent at NET, less at DAT, and even less at SERT. Cocaine binds similarly to all three.
Amphetamines affect the central nervous system by increasing hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain activity, leading to increased alertness, energy, agitation, positive emotions, and sympathetic arousal.
Acute effects of stimulants on the body include dilated pupils, dry mouth, increased heart rate and blood pressure, vasodilation, bronchodilation, and increased energy.
Acute subjective effects of stimulants include improved mood, decreased fatigue, increased energy, improved concentration, rushes (intense feelings of euphoria), and crashes (mild depression).
Stereotyped behavior, characterized by repetitive performance of an act for an extended length, is observed in individuals under the influence of stimulants.
Chronic high-level use of amphetamines can lead to monoamine psychosis, paranoid schizophrenia, formication (tactile hallucinations), violence, anxiety, depression, and dependence.
Tolerance to amphetamines can lead to acute and chronic effects, such as appetite suppression, heart and blood pressure effects, lethal effects, sensitization, and psychotic behavior.
Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms include depression, insomnia, and decreased appetite.
Stimulants are used for ADHD treatment by increasing dopamine activity, but they may have side effects such as reduction in growth rate and inappropriate use in individuals with other conditions.
Harmful effects of stimulants include physical damage, psychological effects, indirect effects such as hepatitis and AIDS infection, fetal exposure abnormalities, overdose symptoms, and treatment options such as behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapies.

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Description

Test your knowledge of amphetamine neuropharmacology and effects with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms of action, acute and chronic effects, withdrawal symptoms, and therapeutic uses of amphetamines. Gain insights into the potential harmful effects and treatment options associated with stimulant use.