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Aminoglycosides Monitoring and Pharmacokinetics Quiz
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Aminoglycosides Monitoring and Pharmacokinetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which process in the LADME scheme refers to the movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation?

  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Absorption (correct)
  • Liberation

    • Aminoglycosides are primarily effective against which type of infections?

  • Viral
  • Gram-positive
  • Gram-negative (correct)
  • Fungal

    • Which type of drugs are most strains of enterococcus resistant to?

  • Aminoglycosides (correct)
  • Tetracycline
  • Cephalosporins
  • Penicillin

    • What is the main focus of dosing and monitoring of aminoglycosides for IV administration?

    <p>Efficacy without causing toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in the LADME scheme involves the elimination of unchanged drug or metabolite from the body via renal, biliary, or pulmonary processes?

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key reason why anaerobic bacteria are universally resistant to aminoglycosides?

    <p>They lack oxygen-dependent transport into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must aminoglycosides like Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin be administered parenterally?

    <p>Due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacodynamic property of aminoglycosides emphasizes the importance of the peak/MIC ratio?

    <p>Concentration-dependent killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key parameters for dosing aminoglycosides?

    <p>Therapeutic serum concentration, volume of distribution, clearance, and area under the curve (AUC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship do aminoglycosides exhibit in terms of concentration-toxicity?

    <p>$Concentration-toxicity$ relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the ideal dosing regimen for aminoglycosides?

    <p>To maximize concentration with an important focus on the peak/MIC ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pharmacokinetic model do aminoglycosides follow when given by intravenous infusion?

    <p>3-compartment pharmacokinetic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides require in terms of initial dose and dosing interval?

    <p>A large initial dose to maximize killing and a dosing interval of 24-36 hours to decrease toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the volume of distribution for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Adipose tissue, excess fluid weight, and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are aminoglycosides primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Renal route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of elimination for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Renal clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences the volume of distribution for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the ideal dosing regimen for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Maximize concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacodynamic property is crucial for aminoglycosides' efficacy?

    <p>$MIC$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing interval for extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>$24-36$ hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence the volume of distribution for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Creatinine clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between aminoglycosides and anaerobic bacteria?

    <p>Anaerobic bacteria are universally resistant to aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of elimination for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Renal route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacokinetic model do aminoglycosides follow when given by intravenous infusion?

    <p>$3$-compartment model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing interval for extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>$24-36$ hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key parameter for dosing aminoglycosides that emphasizes the importance of the peak/MIC ratio?

    <p>Therapeutic serum concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>To maximize killing and decrease toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation is crucial for back-extrapolating plasma concentration to the clinical peak for aminoglycoside serum concentration?

    <p>Beer-Lambert law equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the clearance of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Creatinine clearance and disease states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key reason why Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin must be administered parenterally?

    <p>Poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in the LADME scheme involves the movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of elimination for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Renal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key parameter for dosing aminoglycosides that emphasizes the importance of the peak/MIC ratio?

    <p>$C_{peak}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the clearance of aminoglycosides?

    <p>$k_e$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'L' in the LADME scheme stands for:

    <p>Liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?

    <p>Gram-negative systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are most strains of enterococcus resistant to?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Maximize efficacy by maintaining high plasma concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'M' stand for in the LADME scheme?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must aminoglycosides like Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin be administered parenterally?

    <p>To avoid first-pass metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'A' stand for in the LADME scheme?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of dosing and monitoring of aminoglycosides for IV administration?

    <p>Efficacy without causing toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'M' in the LADME scheme stands for:

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are most strains of enterococcus resistant to?

    <p>Enterococcus bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing interval for extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the clearance of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'E' in the LADME scheme refers to:

    <p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?

    <p>Serious gram-negative systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'D' stand for in the LADME scheme?

    <p>Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key property of aminoglycosides that emphasizes the importance of the Peak/MIC ratio?

    <p>Concentration-dependent killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of extended interval dosing of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Maximize killing and provide a beneficial washout period during the tissue release phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of distribution (V) for conventional dosing of aminoglycosides with clearance (Cl) equal to Clcr?

    <p>0.25 L/Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are aminoglycosides primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Renal clearance as a function of creatinine clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pharmacokinetic model do aminoglycosides follow when given by IV infusion over 30 minutes?

    <p>3-compartment model with tissue release phase at 16 hours post infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extended interval (EI) dosing of aminoglycosides require in terms of dosing regimen?

    <p>Large dose to maximize killing and provide a washout period during the tissue release phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between peak serum concentrations and sample collection for monitoring aminoglycoside therapy?

    <p>Peak serum concentrations obtained approximately 1 hour after maintenance dose initiation and 30-minute infusion periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'L' stand for in the LADME scheme?

    <p>Liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Key Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties

    • Anaerobic bacteria are universally resistant to aminoglycosides due to their oxygen-dependent transport into cells.
    • Aminoglycosides, including Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin, must be administered parenterally due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • The pharmacodynamic properties of aminoglycosides include concentration-dependent killing and significant post-antibiotic effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and peak/MIC ratio being crucial.
    • Key parameters for dosing aminoglycosides include therapeutic serum concentration, volume of distribution, clearance, and area under the curve (AUC).
    • Aminoglycosides exhibit concentration-toxicity relationships, with risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with certain trough levels for different drugs.
    • The ideal dosing regimen for aminoglycosides aims to maximize concentration, with the peak/MIC ratio being an important predictor of efficacy.
    • When given by intravenous infusion, aminoglycosides follow a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with a tissue release phase occurring approximately sixteen hours post-infusion.
    • The extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides is based on their pharmacodynamic properties, requiring a large initial dose to maximize killing and allowing a dosing interval of 24-36 hours to decrease toxicity.
    • The volume of distribution for aminoglycosides is influenced by factors such as adipose tissue, excess fluid weight, and age, with specific considerations for pediatric patients.
    • Aminoglycosides are eliminated almost entirely by the renal route, with clearance being influenced by factors such as creatinine clearance and disease states like cystic fibrosis and metabolic conditions.
    • The elimination half-life of aminoglycosides is variable and influenced by volume of distribution and clearance, necessitating careful initial dose and dosing interval selection.
    • Correct timing of sample collection for aminoglycoside serum concentration is crucial, with specific equations used for back-extrapolating plasma concentration to the clinical peak.

    Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Key Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties

    • Anaerobic bacteria are universally resistant to aminoglycosides due to their oxygen-dependent transport into cells.
    • Aminoglycosides, including Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin, must be administered parenterally due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • The pharmacodynamic properties of aminoglycosides include concentration-dependent killing and significant post-antibiotic effect, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and peak/MIC ratio being crucial.
    • Key parameters for dosing aminoglycosides include therapeutic serum concentration, volume of distribution, clearance, and area under the curve (AUC).
    • Aminoglycosides exhibit concentration-toxicity relationships, with risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with certain trough levels for different drugs.
    • The ideal dosing regimen for aminoglycosides aims to maximize concentration, with the peak/MIC ratio being an important predictor of efficacy.
    • When given by intravenous infusion, aminoglycosides follow a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with a tissue release phase occurring approximately sixteen hours post-infusion.
    • The extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides is based on their pharmacodynamic properties, requiring a large initial dose to maximize killing and allowing a dosing interval of 24-36 hours to decrease toxicity.
    • The volume of distribution for aminoglycosides is influenced by factors such as adipose tissue, excess fluid weight, and age, with specific considerations for pediatric patients.
    • Aminoglycosides are eliminated almost entirely by the renal route, with clearance being influenced by factors such as creatinine clearance and disease states like cystic fibrosis and metabolic conditions.
    • The elimination half-life of aminoglycosides is variable and influenced by volume of distribution and clearance, necessitating careful initial dose and dosing interval selection.
    • Correct timing of sample collection for aminoglycoside serum concentration is crucial, with specific equations used for back-extrapolating plasma concentration to the clinical peak.

    Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

    • Aminoglycosides are universally resistant to anaerobic bacteria due to their oxygen-dependent transport into cells.
    • Aminoglycosides, such as Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin, must be administered parenterally due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Concentration-dependent killing is a key pharmacodynamic property of aminoglycosides, with a significant post-antibiotic effect.
    • Therapeutic serum concentration for conventional dosing is achieved through once daily dosing, with a volume of distribution (V) of 0.25 L/Kg and clearance (Cl) equal to Clcr.
    • Aminoglycosides have a concentration-toxicity relationship, with risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with specific trough levels for different drugs.
    • The ideal dosing regimen for aminoglycosides aims to maximize concentration, with the highest efficacy achieved at a Peak/MIC ratio of at least 8-10.
    • Aminoglycosides follow a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic model when given by IV infusion over 30 minutes, with a tissue release phase beginning approximately sixteen hours post infusion.
    • Extended interval (EI) dosing of aminoglycosides is based on their pharmacodynamic properties, requiring a large dose to maximize killing and providing a beneficial washout period during the tissue release phase.
    • The volume of distribution for aminoglycosides is 0.25 L/kg, which distributes poorly into adipose tissue and varies for pediatric patients based on age and weight.
    • Aminoglycosides are eliminated almost entirely by the renal route, with clearance being a function of creatinine clearance and exhibiting a close linear correlation with elimination rate.
    • The elimination half-life of aminoglycosides is a function of the volume of distribution and clearance, varying considerably among individuals based on renal function.
    • Correct timing of sample collection is crucial for monitoring aminoglycoside therapy, with peak serum concentrations obtained approximately 1 hour after the maintenance dose initiation and infusion periods typically lasting about 30 minutes.

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    Related Documents

    Amino-glycosides (1).pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge of aminoglycosides dosing, monitoring, and pharmacokinetic processes including liberation, absorption, distribution, and metabolism. Explore the LADME scheme and understand the drug level dynamics in the body.

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