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Questions and Answers
Which direction does translation proceed in?
Which direction does translation proceed in?
What is the start codon for all protein synthesis?
What is the start codon for all protein synthesis?
What do specific stop codons signal during translation?
What do specific stop codons signal during translation?
What is the process called when specific amino acid side chains are modified after translation?
What is the process called when specific amino acid side chains are modified after translation?
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What is the enzyme responsible for covalently linking amino acids to tRNA?
What is the enzyme responsible for covalently linking amino acids to tRNA?
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What is the process called when proteins are marked for degradation?
What is the process called when proteins are marked for degradation?
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Which molecule carries the appropriate amino acid to the site of synthesis on the ribosomal complex?
Which molecule carries the appropriate amino acid to the site of synthesis on the ribosomal complex?
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What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
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What molecule carries the code in triplicate?
What molecule carries the code in triplicate?
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What are the components required for translation?
What are the components required for translation?
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How many codons code for termination/stop codons?
How many codons code for termination/stop codons?
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What is the consequence of altering the nucleotide sequence in the coding region of mRNA?
What is the consequence of altering the nucleotide sequence in the coding region of mRNA?
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Which family of enzymes is required for attaching amino acids to tRNA?
Which family of enzymes is required for attaching amino acids to tRNA?
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What is the function of the editing activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
What is the function of the editing activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
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What is the cellular location of free ribosomes in eukaryotes?
What is the cellular location of free ribosomes in eukaryotes?
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What is the role of initiation factors in translation?
What is the role of initiation factors in translation?
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What is the mechanism by which tRNA recognizes more than one codon for a specific amino acid?
What is the mechanism by which tRNA recognizes more than one codon for a specific amino acid?
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Which initiation mechanism is used by eukaryotes to recognize the start codon?
Which initiation mechanism is used by eukaryotes to recognize the start codon?
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Which codon on mRNA signals the start of protein synthesis and codes for methionine?
Which codon on mRNA signals the start of protein synthesis and codes for methionine?
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Which of the following codons on mRNA signals the end of protein synthesis and does not code for an amino acid?
Which of the following codons on mRNA signals the end of protein synthesis and does not code for an amino acid?
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What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in translation initiation in prokaryotes?
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in translation initiation in prokaryotes?
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What is the role of the mRNA cap and poly-A tail in translation initiation in eukaryotes?
What is the role of the mRNA cap and poly-A tail in translation initiation in eukaryotes?
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Which protein factors are involved in the initiation, elongation, and termination of protein translation?
Which protein factors are involved in the initiation, elongation, and termination of protein translation?
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How do frameshift, missense, and nonsense gene mutations alter the reading frame of the mRNA and the protein synthesized from it?
How do frameshift, missense, and nonsense gene mutations alter the reading frame of the mRNA and the protein synthesized from it?
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Which of the following is true about the initiation codon?
Which of the following is true about the initiation codon?
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What distinguishes tRNAi from internal AUG-tRNA?
What distinguishes tRNAi from internal AUG-tRNA?
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What does bacterial tRNAi carry?
What does bacterial tRNAi carry?
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What prevents the premature binding of the large subunit during initiation?
What prevents the premature binding of the large subunit during initiation?
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What is the role of EF-Tu-GTP in elongation?
What is the role of EF-Tu-GTP in elongation?
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What determines how a protein will fold?
What determines how a protein will fold?
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Study Notes
Translation Process
- Translation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.
- The start codon for all protein synthesis is AUG, which codes for methionine.
- Specific stop codons (UAG, UAA, UGA) signal the termination of protein synthesis during translation.
- The process of modifying specific amino acid side chains after translation is called post-translational modification.
tRNA and Amino Acids
- The enzyme responsible for covalently linking amino acids to tRNA is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
- The molecule that carries the appropriate amino acid to the site of synthesis on the ribosomal complex is tRNA.
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach amino acids to tRNA and edit for correct pairing.
- The family of enzymes required for attaching amino acids to tRNA is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
mRNA and Codons
- The molecule that carries the code in triplicate is mRNA.
- The components required for translation are mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids, and energy.
- There are three codons (UAG, UAA, UGA) that code for termination/stop codons.
Consequences of Mutations
- Altering the nucleotide sequence in the coding region of mRNA can change the amino acid sequence of the protein.
- Frameshift, missense, and nonsense gene mutations can alter the reading frame of the mRNA and the protein synthesized from it.
Initiation and Elongation
- Initiation factors play a crucial role in translation initiation.
- The mechanism by which tRNA recognizes more than one codon for a specific amino acid is through wobble base pairing.
- Eukaryotes use the scanning mechanism to recognize the start codon.
- The AUG codon on mRNA signals the start of protein synthesis and codes for methionine.
- The codon UAA on mRNA signals the end of protein synthesis and does not code for an amino acid.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is involved in translation initiation in prokaryotes.
- The mRNA cap and poly-A tail are involved in translation initiation in eukaryotes.
- Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes.
Protein Synthesis and Folding
- Protein factors involved in initiation, elongation, and termination of protein translation include initiation factors, EF-Tu-GTP, and release factors.
- The sequence of amino acids determines how a protein will fold.
- The initiation codon is recognized by the ribosome and plays a crucial role in translation initiation.
- tRNAi is distinguished from internal AUG-tRNA by its ability to initiate protein synthesis.
- Bacterial tRNAi carries methionine.
- The 30S subunit prevents the premature binding of the large subunit during initiation.
- EF-Tu-GTP plays a crucial role in elongation by bringing aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome.
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Description
Test your knowledge on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and their role in protein translation. Explore their mechanism, specificity, and editing activity in this quiz.
