أسئلة السابعة بيو (بعد التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

Which amino acid is classified as basic due to its NH2 group?

Arginine (correct)

Histidine

Proline

Tyrosine

Which amino acid has a unique cyclic structure?

Lysine

Arginine

Proline (correct)

Histidine

What are amino acids primarily known as?

Structural units of proteins (correct)

Structural units of carbohydrates

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Energy sources for cells

By what process can amino acids be obtained from proteins?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to obtain amino acids from proteins?

Thermal decomposition Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about amino acids is false?

They are primarily used as energy storage. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins?

Proteins are broken down into amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids must be obtained through the diet?

Valine Signup and view all the answers

What defines an amino acid that must not be taken in the diet?

Non-essential amino acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of not obtaining sufficient essential amino acids from the diet?

Nutritional deficiency diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is categorized as a non-essential amino acid?

Alanine Signup and view all the answers

In dietary terms, which of the following statements is true about essential amino acids?

They must be consumed through food sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two amino acids react with each other?

Peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

Which functional groups are involved in the reaction between amino acids?

Amino and carboxyl Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the interaction between amino acids?

Amino acids can form bonds through both their NH and COOH groups. Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical reaction occurs when amino acids form peptide bonds?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to include essential amino acids in the diet?

They cannot be synthesized in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about essential amino acids is correct?

They are necessary for protein synthesis and cannot be made by the body. Signup and view all the answers

Classify phenylalanine in terms of its metabolic pathway.

Mixed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification of tyrosine regarding its carbon and energy sources?

Only Glucogenic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the metabolic implications of a glucogenic amino acid?

It can be converted to glucose precursors. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of energy production, what distinguishes ketogenic amino acids from glucogenic amino acids?

They primarily produce acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered essential and cannot be synthesized by the body?

Histidine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids are obtained by hydrolyzing proteins using acids, alkalis, or enzymes

Types of Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are synthesized by the body
Non-essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet
Conditionally essential amino acids are not normally required in the diet but become essential under certain conditions, such as illness

Examples of Amino Acids

Essential amino acids:
- Valine
- Isoleucine
- Tyrosine
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
- Proline
- Hydroxyproline
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Lysine
Non-essential amino acids:
- Alanine
- Glycine
- Serine
- Cysteine

Amino Acid Condensation

Amino acids can join together through a condensation reaction
The condensation reaction is between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
This reaction forms a peptide bond and releases water.

Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.
Examples of essential amino acids include:
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Phenylalanine
- Tyrosine
- Glycine
- Serine

Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino acids can be metabolized into different pathways:
- Glucogenic: Metabolized into glucose
- Ketogenic: Metabolized into ketone bodies
- Mixed: Metabolized into both glucose and ketone bodies

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a laboratory test used to identify different types of hemoglobin in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
This test can be used to validate a diagnosis of certain blood disorders.

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