Podcast
Questions and Answers
At a pH of 5.0 and a net charge of 0, which of the following describes the ionization state of valine's functional groups?
At a pH of 5.0 and a net charge of 0, which of the following describes the ionization state of valine's functional groups?
- All acid groups are deprotonated and amino groups are protonated. (correct)
- Both acid and amino groups are protonated.
- All acid groups are protonated and amino groups are deprotonated.
- All groups are deprotonated.
What is the expected net charge of valine at a pH of 12.0?
What is the expected net charge of valine at a pH of 12.0?
- Net charge of +1.
- Net charge of 0.
- Net charge of -1.
- Net charge of -2. (correct)
Which statement accurately reflects the structural form of valine at a pH of 2.0?
Which statement accurately reflects the structural form of valine at a pH of 2.0?
- Only the acid groups are protonated.
- Both the acid groups are deprotonated and the amino group is protonated.
- Only the amino group is deprotonated.
- Both the acid groups and the amino group are protonated. (correct)
At pH 7.0, what is the charge state of the amino group in valine?
At pH 7.0, what is the charge state of the amino group in valine?
What happens to the ionization state of valine when the pH is increased above 11.0?
What happens to the ionization state of valine when the pH is increased above 11.0?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three polar basic amino acids?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three polar basic amino acids?
How many standard amino acids can be synthesized by the adult human body from carbohydrates and lipids?
How many standard amino acids can be synthesized by the adult human body from carbohydrates and lipids?
What are the amino acids that must be obtained from dietary sources called?
What are the amino acids that must be obtained from dietary sources called?
Which essential amino acid is required for growth in children but not listed for adults?
Which essential amino acid is required for growth in children but not listed for adults?
What is the purpose of the one-letter code for amino acids?
What is the purpose of the one-letter code for amino acids?
Which of the following amino acids can be synthesized adequately by the human body?
Which of the following amino acids can be synthesized adequately by the human body?
Which group of amino acids consists of essential amino acids for adults?
Which group of amino acids consists of essential amino acids for adults?
What defines an essential amino acid?
What defines an essential amino acid?
What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the human body?
How many amino acids are present in human insulin?
How many amino acids are present in human insulin?
What happens when blood-glucose levels become too high?
What happens when blood-glucose levels become too high?
Which species’ insulin matches human insulin at the highest number of amino acid positions?
Which species’ insulin matches human insulin at the highest number of amino acid positions?
What condition results from insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance?
What condition results from insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance?
What is the current trend regarding the use of animal insulin for diabetics?
What is the current trend regarding the use of animal insulin for diabetics?
What is used to deliver insulin to a person with diabetes?
What is used to deliver insulin to a person with diabetes?
What distinguishes a-amino acids from one another?
What distinguishes a-amino acids from one another?
What is the role of insulin in conversion between glucose and glycogen?
What is the role of insulin in conversion between glucose and glycogen?
How many standard amino acids are typically found in proteins?
How many standard amino acids are typically found in proteins?
Which functional groups are characteristic of an a-amino acid?
Which functional groups are characteristic of an a-amino acid?
Which of the following correctly defines a standard amino acid?
Which of the following correctly defines a standard amino acid?
What role does the side chain (R group) of an a-amino acid play?
What role does the side chain (R group) of an a-amino acid play?
In the molecular structure of an a-amino acid, where are the carboxyl and amino groups located?
In the molecular structure of an a-amino acid, where are the carboxyl and amino groups located?
Which statement best describes the general structural formula of an a-amino acid?
Which statement best describes the general structural formula of an a-amino acid?
What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?
What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?
How many possible amino acid sequences are there for the 51 amino acids found in insulin?
How many possible amino acid sequences are there for the 51 amino acids found in insulin?
What geometric feature of peptide bonds is described in the content?
What geometric feature of peptide bonds is described in the content?
What does the backbone of a protein consist of?
What does the backbone of a protein consist of?
Why is it said that a protein is simply an 'extra long' peptide?
Why is it said that a protein is simply an 'extra long' peptide?
How are the amino acids linked in a protein's primary structure?
How are the amino acids linked in a protein's primary structure?
What shape do the carbon and nitrogen atoms in a protein backbone resemble?
What shape do the carbon and nitrogen atoms in a protein backbone resemble?
What role do R groups play in a protein?
What role do R groups play in a protein?
What is the significance of the number of sequences possible for amino acids in proteins?
What is the significance of the number of sequences possible for amino acids in proteins?
Study Notes
Amino Acids
- Amino acids are organic compounds containing both an amino (!NH2) group and a carboxyl (!COOH) group.
- Amino acids in proteins are always a-amino acids, where the amino group and carboxyl group are attached to the a-carbon atom.
- The side chain (R group) determines the unique properties of each amino acid.
- There are over 700 naturally occurring amino acids, but only 20 are standard amino acids found in proteins.
- The three polar basic amino acids are lysine, arginine, and histidine.
- All standard amino acids are necessary for human proteins.
- The human body can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids, but the remaining nine, called essential amino acids, must be obtained from dietary protein.
- Human bodies cannot synthesize essential amino acids in adequate amounts from other substances.
Essential Amino Acids
- Adult bodies need nine essential amino acids.
- A tenth essential amino acid is needed for child growth.
- The essential amino acids are: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Peptide Bonds
- The sequence of amino acids in a protein is its primary structure.
- Peptide bonds link the amino acids together to form the protein backbone.
- The backbone has a zigzag structure due to the geometry of the peptide bonds.
- The peptide linkage is essentially planar, with six atoms in the same plane: the a-carbon and C"O group from the first amino acid, and the N!H group and a-carbon atom from the second amino acid.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of amino acids, focusing on their structure, classification, and essential roles in human health. You will learn about the 20 standard amino acids, their properties, and the distinction between essential and non-essential amino acids. Understand how these compounds contribute to protein synthesis and overall bodily function.
