Amino Acids and Polypeptide Chains
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Questions and Answers

What type of bonding stabilizes the α-helix?

  • electrostatic bonding
  • ionic bonding
  • hydrogen bonding (correct)
  • covalent bonding

What is the primary structure of keratins?

  • β-bend
  • α-helical (correct)
  • β-pleated sheet
  • random coil

Why does proline disrupt an α-helix?

  • It forms ionic bonds with other amino acids
  • Its secondary amino group is geometrically compatible with the right-handed spiral of the α-helix
  • It has a bulky side chain
  • Its secondary amino group is not geometrically compatible with the right-handed spiral of the α-helix (correct)

What type of amino acids can interfere with the formation of an α-helix?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of β-sheets?

<p>All peptide bond components are involved in hydrogen bonding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of β-strands in an antiparallel β-sheet?

<p>The N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the β-strands alternate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of β-bends?

<p>To join two units of secondary structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary structure that myoglobin has?

<p>α-helical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of reading an amino acid sequence?

<p>From the N-terminal to the C-terminal end (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interactions occur between negatively charged groups and positively charged groups?

<p>Ionic interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe proteins that consist of multiple polypeptide chains?

<p>Multi-subunit protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of protein structure that describes the sequence of amino acids?

<p>Primary structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fibrous 3D structure?

<p>Less folded and more extended (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond that keeps the entire peptide in a rigid planar configuration?

<p>Peptide bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of polypeptide subunits in a protein?

<p>Quaternary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a protein with a dimeric quaternary structure?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the local conformation of a part of a polypeptide?

<p>Secondary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mild denaturation of a protein?

<p>Disruption of tertiary or quaternary structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of secondary structure in proteins?

<p>α-Helix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the α-helix?

<p>Spiral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physical agent of denaturation?

<p>Heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of abnormalities in the amino acid sequences of proteins?

<p>Genetic diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of denatured proteins?

<p>They are more easily digested (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of harsh denaturation conditions on a protein?

<p>Fragmentation of the chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of amyloid proteins?

<p>Aggregates of twisted β-pleated sheet fibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of protein accumulation in tissues and organs?

<p>Severe disruption of normal physiological processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following conditions can amyloid deposit be produced?

<p>Chronic inflammatory diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of protein turnover?

<p>To maintain constant protein content in healthy adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much protein is hydrolyzed and resynthesized daily?

<p>300-400 g/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the rate of protein degradation?

<p>Half-life of the protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide is 200 times sweeter than sucrose and used as a low-calorie artificial sweetener?

<p>Aspartame (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant function of Glutathione in proteins?

<p>Prevents the oxidation of sulfhydryl (SH) groups to disulfide (SS) groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and stimulates the kidney to retain water?

<p>Vasopressin (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do molecular chaperones play in protein folding?

<p>They bind reversibly to unfolded polypeptide segments to prevent misfolding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is predominantly found in proteins in persons with amyloidosis?

<p>Beta-pleated sheet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of protein folding seek to achieve?

<p>Low-energy state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which peptide causes contraction of the uterus?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common result of protein misfolding?

<p>Formation of long, fibrillar protein assemblies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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