Amino Acid Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the precursor of methionine biosynthesis?

  • Cysteine and Glutamic
  • Cysteine and Threonine
  • Cysteine and Aspartic
  • Cysteine and Serine (correct)

Which of the following amino acids is synthesized via the shikimate pathway?

  • Lysine
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Tryptophan (correct)

What is the origin of the GABA neurotransmitter?

  • Glutamic acid (correct)
  • Alanine
  • Aspartic acid
  • Glycine

Which of the following is a conditionally essential amino acid?

<p>Arginine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pI of the peptide Glu–His–Trp–Ser–Gly–Leu–Arg–Pro–Gly?

<p>7.8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the EC number starting with for the enzyme catalyzing the reaction?

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substrate for the synthesis of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

<p>Tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is essential?

<p>Leucine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid?

<p>Tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is derived from aspartate?

<p>Asparagine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a polar amino acid?

<p>Histidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the precursors of urea in the liver?

<p>Ammonia and Asp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter?

<p>Serine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of Asp to Asn?

<p>Asparagine synthase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hormonal protein?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the carbon skeleton of serine?

<p>3-phosphoglycerate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which point in the titration curve does glycine have its maximum buffering capacity?

<p>II and IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net charge of glycine at point V in the titration curve?

<p>-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is degraded to form ketone bodies or Krebs cycle intermediates?

<p>Leucine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor of proline amino acid?

<p>Arginine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glutamine synthesis?

<p>Glutamine synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is the origin of serotonin neurotransmitter?

<p>Tryptophan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme GDH?

<p>To catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a nonpolar amino acid?

<p>Phenylalanine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GOGAT enzyme?

<p>To convert glutamine to glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a storage protein?

<p>Ovalbumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ion exchange chromatography in amino acid analysis?

<p>To separate amino acids based on their charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is a nonproteinogenic amino acid?

<p>Desmosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme GDH in plant cells?

<p>To catalyze nitrogen assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contractile protein?

<p>Actin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid will be eluted first from the cation-exchange column by a pH 7.0 buffer in the pair Asp and Lys?

<p>Asp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is a polar uncharged amino acid?

<p>Asparagine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of dopamine from an amino acid?

<p>Tyrosine hydroxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nonpolar amino acid?

<p>Methionine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the carbon skeleton of Leucine amino acid?

<p>Pyrvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is the substrate for hydroxymethyl transferase to form Glyoxalate?

<p>Serine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is Threonine biosynthesized in animals from aspartic acid?

<p>true (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of a patient with high blood ammonia levels, elevated glutamine and decreased arginine relative to normal levels?

<p>Deficiency in one of the urea cycle enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a nonessential amino acid?

Valine is an amino acid that the body can synthesize on its own.

What is an essential amino acid?

Arginine is an amino acid that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet.

What is another essential amino acid?

Tyrosine is an amino acid that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet.

What are the precursors for urea synthesis in the liver?

Ammonia and aspartate are molecules used to create urea in the liver.

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What enzyme is involved in the conversion of glutamine to glutamate?

Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme responsible for converting glutamine into glutamate.

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What does the enzyme asparagine synthetase do?

Asparagine synthetase is an enzyme whose main function is to create asparagine from aspartate and glutamine.

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What are the substrates for the asparagine synthetase reaction?

Glutamine and aspartate are the two substrates for the asparagine synthetase reaction.

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What is an allosteric activator for the catabolic direction of glutamate dehydrogenase?

ADP is a molecule that increases the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase in the direction of breaking down glutamate.

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What is the modified amino acid found in elastin?

6-N-Methyllysine is a modified amino acid found in elastin, a protein that provides flexibility and elasticity to tissues.

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What amino acid is the precursor to acetylcholine?

Serine is an amino acid that is used to create acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory.

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What is the precursor to histamine?

Histidine is an amino acid that can be converted to histamine, a signaling molecule involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

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What amino acids are the precursors for cysteine?

Methionine and serine are both precursors to cysteine, an amino acid involved in protein structure and antioxidant functions.

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What enzyme facilitates nitrogen assimilation in plants in the dark?

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) plays a crucial role in nitrogen assimilation by plants, especially in the absence of light.

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What is an example of a hormonal protein that regulates blood sugar?

Insulin is a protein hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake by cells.

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What is an example of a hormonal protein involved in stress response?

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a protein hormone that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses by increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

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What is an example of a hormonal protein that regulates water balance?

Vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone) is a protein hormone that helps regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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What is an acidic amino acid?

Aspartic acid is an amino acid with a carboxyl group (COOH) as its side chain, which makes it acidic.

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What is a basic amino acid?

Lysine is an amino acid with an amino group (NH2) as its side chain, which makes it basic.

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Give an example of an achiral amino acid.

Glycine is an amino acid with a simple hydrogen atom as its side chain, making it achiral, meaning it doesn't have a chiral center.

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What is an example of a nonpolar amino acid?

Leucine is an amino acid with a hydrophobic side chain, making it nonpolar and reluctant to interact with water.

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What is the EC number of the asparagine synthetase enzyme?

Asparagine synthetase is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of asparagine. Its EC number starts with 6, indicating its involvement in ligase reactions.

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What enzyme is involved in the conversion of glutamate to glutamine?

Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of glutamate to glutamine.

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What is the precursor to GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter formed from the amino acid glutamic acid.

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What is the precursor to serotonin neurotransmitter?

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter formed from the amino acid tryptophan.

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What is the precursor to dopamine neurotransmitter?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter formed from the amino acid tyrosine.

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What is the common precursor to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters synthesized from tyrosine.

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What is the function of collagen?

Collagen is a protein found in connective tissues, such as skin, bones, and tendons, and its function is to provide structural support.

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What is the function of ovalbumin?

Ovalbumin is a protein found in egg whites and serves as a storage protein for nutrients for the developing chick.

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What is the function of keratin?

Keratin is a protein found in hair, skin, and nails, and its function is to provide structure and protection.

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What is the function of actin in muscle contraction?

Actin is a protein involved in muscle contraction, allowing for movement and locomotion.

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What is the function of myoglobin?

Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle cells that binds and stores oxygen for muscle function.

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What technique is used to analyze mixtures of amino acids?

Ion exchange chromatography is a technique used to separate amino acids based on their charge and hydrophobic interactions.

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How do amino acids separate in a cation-exchange column?

In a cation-exchange column, positively charged amino acids bind to the column, while negatively charged amino acids flow through.

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What is the precursor to leucine?

Leucine is an amino acid that is synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate, a molecule involved in the glycolysis pathway.

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What is the precursor to proline?

Proline is an amino acid that is synthesized from glutamate, an amino acid involved in neurotransmission.

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What is the substrate for hydroxymethyl transferase in the formation of glycine?

Serine is an amino acid that serves as a substrate for hydroxymethyl transferase to form glycine.

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What is the precursor to threonine?

Threonine is an amino acid that is biosynthesized from aspartic acid, an amino acid involved in the citric acid cycle.

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Study Notes

Amino Acids

  • Valine is a nonessential amino acid.
  • Arginine is not a nonessential amino acid.
  • Tyrosine is not a nonessential amino acid.

Amino Acid Metabolism

  • Urea precursors in the liver are ammonia and aspartate.
  • The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of aspartate to asparagine has two substrates: glutamine and aspartate.
  • ADP is an allosteric activator for the catabolic direction of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).

Amino Acid Structure and Function

  • 6-N-Methyllysine is present in elastin.
  • Serine is the origin of acetylcholine neurotransmitter.
  • Histidine is converted to histamine by decarboxylation.
  • Cysteine precursors are methionine and serine.
  • The assimilation of nitrogen in plants in the dark is dependent on the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH).

Hormonal Proteins

  • Insulin is a hormonal protein.
  • Epinephrine is a hormonal protein.
  • Vasopressin is a hormonal protein.

Amino Acid Classification

  • Aspartic acid is an acidic amino acid.
  • Lysine is a basic amino acid.
  • Glycine is an achiral amino acid.
  • Leucine is a nonpolar amino acid.

Enzyme Reactions

  • The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of asparagine synthetase has an EC number starting with 6.
  • The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamine to glutamate is glutamine synthetase.

Neurotransmitters

  • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter is originated from glutamic acid.
  • Serotonin neurotransmitter is originated from tryptophan.
  • Dopamine neurotransmitter is originated from tyrosine.
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine synthesis originates from tryptophan.

Protein Structure and Function

  • Collagen is a storage protein.
  • Ovalbumin is a storage protein.
  • Keratin is a contractile protein.
  • Actin is a contractile protein.
  • Myoglobin is a contractile protein.

Amino Acid Analysis

  • Mixtures of amino acids can be analyzed by ion exchange chromatography.
  • In a cation-exchange column, amino acids are separated based on ionic attraction and hydrophobic interactions.

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

  • Leucine is biosynthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate.
  • Proline is biosynthesized from glutamate.
  • Serine is a substrate for hydroxymethyl transferase to form glycine.
  • Threonine is biosynthesized from aspartic acid.

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