Amino Acid and Nucleotide Biosynthesis

<p>Linearizes heme to create biliverdin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For heme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyridoxal phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming Schiff bases with lysine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspartate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-Ketoglutarate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histidine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urobilin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts bilirubin to a water-soluble form for excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PRPP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6-mercaptopurine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of orotate from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stercobilin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts toxic forms of bilirubin into non-toxic products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the 2' C-OH bond to a 2'-H bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-fluorouracil (5FU) (A), Capecitabine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired salvage pathway for purines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seafood and liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HGPRT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (A), DOPA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deamination of amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converter of uric acid to allantoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glutamine is produced from glutamate through a two-step process catalyzed by glutamine synthetase.

A process transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, creating non-essential amino acids.

Amino acids that the body can synthesize from simpler compounds.

Amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from the diet.

A coenzyme derived from vitamin B6, crucial for transamination reactions.

Molecules commonly utilized as starting points or intermediates in the biosynthesis of amino acids

Enzymes that catalyze transamination reactions

The process of producing amino acids from simpler molecules in living organisms

Genetic disorders affecting heme biosynthesis, causing precursor accumulation.

The process of creating heme, starting from succinyl-CoA and glycine.

A yellow compound derived from heme degradation, transported in blood.

Enzyme converting heme to biliverdin during heme degradation.

Green pigment produced during heme degradation, precursor to bilirubin.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides (containing ribose sugar) to deoxyribonucleotides (containing deoxyribose sugar), a crucial step in DNA synthesis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of dUMP to dTMP, a critical step in the synthesis of thymine, one of the four DNA bases.

Anticancer drugs like 5-fluorouracil (5FU), floxuridine, and capecitabine target thymidylate synthase, inhibiting its activity and preventing DNA synthesis.

A pathway that recycles purines and pyrimidines, converting them into nucleotides, to avoid de novo (new) synthesis.

A genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in the HGPRT enzyme, leading to a buildup of uric acid and severe neurological symptoms.

A product of bilirubin degradation in the intestines, contributing to the brown color of feces.

A condition characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, usually caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

UDPGT (UDP-glucuronosyl transferase) is an enzyme that adds glucuronic acid to bilirubin, making it water-soluble and allowing its excretion in bile.

The process of building purine bases from scratch using simple molecules, starting with PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) and adding units sequentially.

The first enzyme in purine synthesis, glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase, is the rate-limiting step, meaning it controls the overall speed of the process.

The process of building pyrimidine bases, unlike purine synthesis, by first constructing the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose 5-phosphate.

Aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate provide the atoms for the pyrimidine ring structure, forming orotate.

A painful condition caused by excess uric acid in the body, leading to crystal deposits in joints, predominantly affecting toes, and often associated with overproduction or under-excretion of uric acid, fructose overconsumption, or HGPRT deficiency.

The breakdown of uric acid, a waste product from purine metabolism. In most mammals, it's converted into allantoin, but in humans, it's excreted directly.

An enzyme crucial in purine catabolism, responsible for converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid.

The breakdown of purines, like adenine and guanine, into products like uric acid, which is then excreted.

A medication used to treat gout by blocking the formation of uric acid by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

A medication used to treat gout by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, which converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid.

The breakdown of pyrimidines (like cytosine, thymine, and uracil) into simpler compounds like ammonia and urea.

The breakdown of thymine, a pyrimidine base, into succinyl-CoA, which is then used in the citric acid cycle.