America's Immigration Issue Overview
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What played a significant role in attracting immigrants to the United States after 1965?

  • The increase in highly paid consulting jobs
  • A decrease in low-wage job opportunities
  • The decline of immigrant communities in urban areas
  • The liberalization of immigration legislation (correct)

What factor has contributed to the high demand for low-wage jobs in the U.S.?

  • Decrease in old immigrant communities
  • Economic restructuring and outsourcing of jobs (correct)
  • Increased availability of middle-income jobs
  • Reduction of international labor migration

How did changes in the occupational structure since the late 1970s manifest?

  • Increase in high-income managerial jobs
  • Expansion of low-wage production jobs (correct)
  • Decrease in the supply of middle-income jobs
  • Stagnation in the number of blue-collar positions

What trend was observed in the creation of new jobs between 1963 and 1973?

<p>Nine out of ten new jobs were in the low earnings group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cities are mentioned as significant for managing and servicing the global network of jobs?

<p>Los Angeles and New York (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has led to unemployment in poorer countries in recent years?

<p>Export-led production replacing diversified economic forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is mentioned as affected by unemployment?

<p>Both men and women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of export-led production in rural areas?

<p>Limited job search opportunities for workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health issue is mentioned as a concern for workers in manufacturing?

<p>Eyesight problems from prolonged microscope use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has historically contributed to large-scale unemployment in poorer countries?

<p>Emigration of skilled workers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is specifically mentioned as experiencing shifts in labor due to export-led production?

<p>The Caribbean Basin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the formation of a workforce in export manufacturing?

<p>Cheap and abundant labor supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the U.S. population did immigrants make up in New York City by 1987?

<p>15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor played a significant role in the transformation of employment structures in poorer countries?

<p>Foreign investment in production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cities attracted the majority of immigrants during the new immigration waves?

<p>New York and Illinois (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the new immigration mentioned?

<p>A rise in the proportion of female immigrants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT indicated as a traditional cause of emigration?

<p>Family reunification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of the 1980 census, what proportion of the population in the 10 largest U.S. cities was made up of immigrants?

<p>Approximately 40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is suggested to have no systematic relationship with emigration?

<p>Overpopulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the economic trends in the 1960s and 1970s on migration flows?

<p>It promoted the development of export-oriented growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the annual entry level of immigrants in the United States in 1986?

<p>602,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the geographical distribution of immigrants?

<p>They show a far-flung distribution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misconception about immigration during the economic changes of the late 20th century?

<p>Post-industrial economies had significantly less need for immigrant labor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between population pressures and emigration?

<p>Population pressures may indicate a possibility of increased emigration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend in the composition of migration flows began in the late 1960s?

<p>An increase in the proportion of immigrants from the Third World. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the casualization of the labor market have on immigration?

<p>It increased the number of temporary positions available for immigrants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key misunderstanding about the causes of migration flows?

<p>The focus was solely on immigrants instead of broader economic changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1985, how did the number of European immigrants entering the U.S. compare to previous decades?

<p>They experienced a significant decline from 63,000 in 1960. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of the global economic changes discussed?

<p>A decline in the manufacturing sector in the U.S. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do workers play in the context of foreign investment?

<p>They serve in offshore plants or offices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is mentioned as promoting emigration in less developed countries?

<p>Direct foreign investment linkages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the United States being viewed as a favorable destination for migrants?

<p>The perception of unlimited opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does foreign investment in export production have on migration?

<p>It indirectly promotes migration to the United States. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of countries are linked to increased emigration due to foreign capital?

<p>Less developed countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-reinforcing phenomenon in the context of emigration?

<p>The belief that emigration ensures better prospects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is emigration considered an option for a wider population?

<p>Many people are influenced by foreign investment in their region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant legislation related to immigration happened in 1965 in the United States?

<p>The liberalization of immigration laws. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group makes up about 75 percent of the female industrial workforce in Taiwan?

<p>15 to 24 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does export-led industrialization have on jobs in less developed countries, according to the findings of UNIDO?

<p>It eliminates more jobs than it creates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country receives the highest percentage of Korean emigration?

<p>United States (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of labor is primarily sought out by factory representatives in rural sectors of Taiwan?

<p>Female labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions are highlighted for experiencing disrupted job markets due to export-led industrialization?

<p>Caribbean and Southeast Asia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the subject of the film 'The Global Assembly Line'?

<p>Women and men in the international division of labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total Asian emigration does the United States receive?

<p>27 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted research on the female workforce in Taiwan?

<p>Diamond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Export-Oriented Growth and Migration

The rise of global trade and investment leads to the development of industries in developing nations, causing a surplus of workers who seek opportunities in developed countries.

Globalization and Migration

The process of economic globalization, where capital flows freely and promotes the development of manufacturing in developing countries, leading to increased migration to developed nations.

The New Immigration

In the 1960s and 1970s, economic changes in developing countries, driven by global trade, led to a significant shift in immigration patterns.

Casualization of Labor and Immigration

The changing nature of work in developed economies, characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a rise in temporary work, contributing to an increased demand for immigrant workers.

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Regional Shift in Immigration

The changing composition of immigrants entering the United States, with a significant increase in immigrants from Asia and Latin America.

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International Migration

A complex process driven by various factors like globalization, trade, and the changing nature of work, leading to a global flow of individuals seeking better economic opportunities.

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Labor Shortages and Immigration

The growing need for immigrant labor in developed countries, fueled by economic forces and demographic trends.

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Faulty Immigration Policies

Economic policies that disregard the broader context of globalization and its impact on migration, ultimately hindering a comprehensive understanding of the issue.

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New Immigration

A significant shift in migration patterns, characterized by a growing number of immigrants from specific Asian and Caribbean countries. This new immigration also features a higher percentage of female immigrants.

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Inadequacy of Classical Explanations

Traditionally, theories about migration focused on factors like overpopulation, poverty, and economic stagnation in countries of origin. However, these factors alone cannot fully explain the new immigration patterns.

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Classical Explanations of Migration.

A group of theories explaining migration based on factors like overpopulation, poverty, and stalled economies in the countries of origin.

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Feminization of Migration

The trend of a growing percentage of women among immigrants.

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New Sources of Immigration

Asian countries and countries in the Caribbean Basin have become increasingly prominent sources of migrants.

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Emigration

The process of people leaving their home country to settle in another, driven by various factors.

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Clustering of Immigrants

The distribution of new immigrants tends to be concentrated in a few major cities.

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Immigration

The process of people moving to a new country to settle permanently.

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Export-Led Production and Unemployment

The shift towards export-oriented production in developing countries often replaces more diverse economic activities, leading to unemployment and pushing people to seek opportunities in developed countries.

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Health Risks in Export-Led Production

Workers in developing countries, often drawn to manufacturing jobs, may face health risks associated with repetitive tasks requiring intense focus, leading to health issues and job instability.

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Labor Skills Gap in Export-Oriented Industries

As older manufacturing industries decline in developing countries, workers lose their jobs and often lack the skills needed for new industries, leaving them unemployed.

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Focus on Exports vs. Domestic Market Needs

Governments seeking to attract foreign investment in export-led industries might overlook the impact on domestic markets and workers, inadvertently creating unemployment.

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Emigration and Foreign Investment

Countries attracting foreign investment for export-led industries may experience increased emigration as workers seek better opportunities in developed countries.

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Migration Driven by Export-Led Production

The trend of large-scale migration from developing to developed countries is driven by economic opportunities, often spurred by the shift towards export-oriented production.

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Impact of Export-Led Production on Society

The growth of export-oriented industries can disrupt traditional work structures and lead to migration, impacting economic, cultural, and social aspects of developing countries.

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Dependence on Foreign Investment

The shift to export-led production in developing countries can result in a dependence on foreign investment, potentially limiting domestic market development and creating vulnerabilities.

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Workers of Westernization

The process of a workforce being employed by foreign companies in a developing country, primarily acting as labor for foreign capital.

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Westernization in developing countries

A term that reflects the increasing global integration and interconnectedness which encourages businesses to set up operations in countries with lower costs, such as developing countries.

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Impact on individual workers

The direct impact on an individual worker's perception of their economic situation, seeing emigration as a solution rather than an option.

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Linkages created through foreign investment

The trend of companies establishing operations in other countries and creating economic links, which can have a significant impact on the developing country.

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Westernizing effect on developing countries

The process of a developing country changing or being influenced by cultural and technological factors, particularly from developed nations.

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Promoting emigration as an option

The argument that migration should be considered a viable option not only for individuals directly affected by foreign investment but also for the wider population.

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Workers in foreign plants and offices as migration candidates

The idea that individuals working in foreign-owned factories or offices are potential candidates for migration to developed countries.

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Factors contributing to immigration patterns

The concept that migration to a particular country can be influenced by various factors, including foreign investment, cultural links, and the overall image of the country.

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Globalization and Job Losses

The process of moving manufacturing jobs from developed nations to developing nations, leading to job losses in developed nations and creating a need for low-wage workers in those nations.

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Economic Restructuring

The U.S. economy shifted from a manufacturing-based system to a service-based system with a large number of low-wage jobs.

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Low-wage jobs and globalization

The increase in low-wage jobs in the U.S. and the decrease in manufacturing jobs was caused by the movement of manufacturing to developing countries.

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Service Sector Growth and Immigration

The expanding service sector, specifically in areas like management and financial services, has created a need for immigrant workers.

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Shifting Job Market and Inequality

The increasing dominance of the service sector has led to a decline in middle-income blue-collar jobs and a rise in both high-paying and low-paying jobs, contributing to inequality.

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Export-Oriented Growth

The economic model where countries focus on producing goods for export, often leading to job creation and increased migration.

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Female Recruitment in Factories

The practice of recruiting female workers for factory jobs, particularly common in Taiwan.

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Female Migration to Developed Nations

Countries like Taiwan and the Philippines are major sources of female immigrants seeking employment opportunities in developed nations.

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Study Notes

America's Immigration "Problem"

  • Immigration in the US has historically generated strong reactions, with each wave of immigrants facing resistance from earlier arrivals.
  • The belief that the US is at capacity to absorb more immigrants and that immigration is purely a humanitarian issue are common misconceptions.
  • US immigration policy has largely focused on controlling who enters legally and preventing illegal immigration, while simultaneously attempting to promote economic growth in countries sending migrants.
  • The 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act aimed to improve and diversify immigration, but did not achieve intended results due to differing factors.
  • The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act further aimed to address illegal immigration, but hasn't been fully effective.
  • Current immigration issues don't align with traditional explanations of poverty and overpopulation driving migration.
  • The globalization of the US economy and investment abroad plays a key role in generating migration flows to the US, counter to some commonly held beliefs.
  • Increased immigration to the US is linked to US policies promoting foreign investment and development in other countries.
  • Current migration patterns to the US consist largely of immigrants from Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, contradicting the expectation of primarily European immigrants entering the country.
  • Significant shifts in immigration demographics have been observed since the 1960s, with increased immigration from Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, in addition to a rise in female immigrants.
  • U.S. immigration policies have failed to effectively address or regulate immigration patterns effectively.
  • New approaches to understand & manage immigration are necessary due to complex interplay of factors.

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America's Immigration "Problem" (PDF) 1989

Description

Explore the complexities surrounding immigration in the United States, examining historical reactions, policies, and misconceptions. The quiz delves into key legislation like the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act and the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, and discusses the impacts of globalization on immigration trends. Test your knowledge on the multifaceted nature of this ongoing issue.

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