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Questions and Answers
What defining characteristic was required for individuals to be eligible for naturalization under the Naturalization Law of 1790?
What defining characteristic was required for individuals to be eligible for naturalization under the Naturalization Law of 1790?
Which group was explicitly excluded from the naturalization process by the Naturalization Law of 1790?
Which group was explicitly excluded from the naturalization process by the Naturalization Law of 1790?
What was the significance of the Geary Act of 1892 in relation to Chinese immigrants?
What was the significance of the Geary Act of 1892 in relation to Chinese immigrants?
What major shift in immigration policy did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 represent?
What major shift in immigration policy did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 represent?
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Under the Naturalization Law of 1790, which of the following could NOT become a citizen through naturalization?
Under the Naturalization Law of 1790, which of the following could NOT become a citizen through naturalization?
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What was the main outcome of the Court case related to the Geary Act in 1893?
What was the main outcome of the Court case related to the Geary Act in 1893?
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Which act allowed Chinese laborers into the U.S., while implementing a visa quota?
Which act allowed Chinese laborers into the U.S., while implementing a visa quota?
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What significant immigration reform did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 introduce?
What significant immigration reform did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 introduce?
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What impact did the Bracero Program have on Mexican laborers?
What impact did the Bracero Program have on Mexican laborers?
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What was a key feature of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986?
What was a key feature of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986?
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Study Notes
Immigration Laws and Policies
- Naturalization Law of 1790: Made it harder to become a citizen via naturalization, limited access to naturalization for "free white persons" of "good moral character" who lived in the US for two years, citizenship limited only to white male property owners. Native Americans, enslaved people, and free African Americans were excluded (later, Asians were too).
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: First major US immigration law, required Chinese immigrants to carry a Certificate of Residence (precursor to the green card), and without this, faced deportation. This marked a major shift as it was the first US immigration control.
- Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893): Supreme Court case where Asian Americans challenged the Geary Act, arguing it violated the 14th amendment (equal rights). The court ruled that deportation without a certificate was administrative, not criminal.
- Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act (1943): Magnuson Act allowed entry of Chinese laborers but limited entry with a quota (105 visas per year).
- Johnson-Reed Act of 1924: Also known as the Immigration Act of 1924, capped the number of immigrants from each country based on the number of immigrants already residing in the US (restrictive to Southern and Eastern Europeans).
- Bracero Program (1942-1964): Created to address labor shortages during WWII, encouraged Mexican labor, but put Mexicans at the bottom of the social ladder.
- Operation Wetback: Used military tactics to remove over a million Mexican immigrants.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
- Created preferences in immigration, including family reunification (75% of visas), for highly skilled/trained workers (20%), and refugees (5%). Quota set to 20,000 per year.
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986: Offered undocumented immigrants a chance to apply for legal status, but exclusion from public assistance for five years then.
- Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996: Increased penalties for undocumented immigrants and stricter deportation policies.
DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) 2012
- Aimed to provide protection from deportation for Dreamers.
- Congress has introduced the Dream Act repeatedly but it hasn't passed.
- The 2012 program was initiated by executive action rather than congressional enactment.
Consequences of Immigration Reform
- Immigration population rose in the 1990s as fewer people left the country due to stricter immigration laws.
- Legal procedures for deporting undocumented immigrants changed.
Arizona SB 1070
- Required documented immigrants to carry identification documents.
- Allowed police to arrest individuals suspected of being unauthorized immigrants.
- Required confirmation of immigration status before release from custody.
- The Supreme Court deemed parts of the law unconstitutional.
Positive Correlation between Immigration and Crime
- High rate of marriage among immigrants.
- Presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods.
- Informal social controls within immigrant neighborhoods.
Negative Correlation between Immigration and Crime
- Some studies have shown cities bordering Mexico have lower crime rates where immigration rates are highest.
- Higher levels of immigration in an area might result in decreased crime.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key US immigration laws and policies. From the Naturalization Law of 1790 to the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, explore the significant changes and legal battles that have shaped immigration in America. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of this critical topic.