American Yawp Chapter 20 Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following individuals is NOT mentioned as a reformer who contributed to the Gilded Age reform movement?

  • Jacob Riis
  • Edward Bellamy
  • Upton Sinclair
  • Theodore Roosevelt (correct)
  • Which of the following books is credited with exposing the unsanitary and brutal conditions within the industrialized food production industry?

  • Looking Backward
  • The Jungle (correct)
  • How the Other Half Lives
  • In His Steps
  • What was the primary aim of the Social Gospel movement?

  • To address social problems and improve the living conditions of the poor (correct)
  • To advocate for the separation of church and state
  • To promote individual salvation through religious conversion
  • To establish a socialist utopia in America
  • Which of the following best describes the role of journalists during the Gilded Age reform movement?

    <p>Journalists played a crucial role in exposing corruption and social injustices, raising public awareness, and advocating for change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward"?

    <p>It inspired the creation of organizations dedicated to promoting social and economic reform. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central question that Charles Sheldon's book "In His Steps" prompted readers to consider?

    <p>What would Jesus do to address the social problems of the time? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Jacob Riis's book "How the Other Half Lives"?

    <p>It documented the harsh realities of poverty and squalor in the city's slums through both text and photography. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of religious leaders in the Gilded Age reform movement?

    <p>Religious leaders, particularly those associated with the Social Gospel movement, actively advocated for social justice and reform. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary focuses of the social gospel movement?

    <p>Enacting the kingdom of God on Earth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was notably not addressed by the social gospel movement?

    <p>African Americans (A), Native Americans (B), Women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was founded first aimed at promoting women’s interests in the U.S.?

    <p>National women’s club federation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is Carrie A. Nation most known for?

    <p>Breaking bottles at a hotel using a hatchet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Jane Addams' contributions?

    <p>Established the Hull House to aid neighbors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hull House, founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, was inspired by which of the following?

    <p>European settlement homes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a central belief held by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

    <p>Alcohol was a 'home wrecker' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about women’s clubs during this period is true?

    <p>Many excluded African American women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Gifford Pinchot's contribution to environmental management?

    <p>He was a key player in federal management of national forests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early 20th-century reformers were involved in environmentalism?

    <p>Bailey and Anna Botsford Comstock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the conservation movement illustrated by the Hetch Hetchy case?

    <p>The acceptance of industrial use over environmental preservation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did conservationist policies impact hunting regulations?

    <p>They established game laws that could sometimes be unbalanced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does environmentalism encompass beyond public land management?

    <p>Issues related to education, working conditions, and community welfare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Lacey Act of 1900?

    <p>To regulate the illegal shipment of wildlife across state lines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideology did leaders from both the North and South embrace post-Civil War?

    <p>The reunion based on white supremacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the southern states implementing disfranchisement?

    <p>Systematic disenfranchisement of African Americans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?

    <p>To limit anticompetitive practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, when is a monopoly considered illegal?

    <p>When it unreasonably stifles free trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Theodore Roosevelt's view of the presidency in relation to trusts?

    <p>A mediator between opposing economic forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company was the first major target of Theodore Roosevelt's trust-busting efforts?

    <p>The Northern Securities Company (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislation did the Hepburn Act lead to?

    <p>Regulating railroad rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism program?

    <p>Expanding federal power over the economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did Carnegie use in his business approach?

    <p>Vertical integration by controlling every phase of production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Roosevelt's belief regarding trusts?

    <p>Some trusts were necessary and others corrupt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant political move did Roosevelt make as trust issues dominated the election of 1912?

    <p>He formed the Progressive Party (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Rockefeller approach his business acquisitions?

    <p>By buying out competing refineries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the consolidation of companies between 1897 and 1904?

    <p>The number of corporate firms decreased significantly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal changes occurred in the 1870s to regulate corporations?

    <p>States passed laws to check the power of large corporations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key legal rulings upheld the regulations on corporations?

    <p>Munn v. Illinois and Stone v. Wisconsin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle was established in the Munn v. Illinois ruling?

    <p>Property involved in public interest can be regulated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislation was passed in 1887 to regulate interstate commerce?

    <p>The Interstate Commerce Act. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization was created by the Interstate Commerce Act?

    <p>The Interstate Commerce Commission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major social and economic problem associated with the Gilded Age that fueled the Progressive Era?

    <p>The rise of unprecedented wealth and poverty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the chaining of the doors at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?

    <p>To discourage workers from taking unauthorized breaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups was NOT a primary force in the Progressive Era?

    <p>Industrialists aiming to increase factory production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key feature of the Gilded Age that made it a period ripe for social and political reform?

    <p>The growth of industrialism and urbanization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the immediate effect of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire on workers' rights?

    <p>It led to the implementation of stricter fire safety codes and regulations in the United States. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire expose the vulnerability of workers during this era?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the central issue that motivated the Progressive Era reforms?

    <p>The ambition to achieve social and economic justice for all citizens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific consequence did workers face immediately before the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?

    <p>They had been denied a union's right to advocate for their needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Progressive Era

    A period of social activism and political reform in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s.

    Gilded Age

    A time marked by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and stark social inequality in late 19th century America.

    Urban Squalor

    Poor and unsanitary living conditions in urban areas, often highlighted during the Progressive Era.

    Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

    A tragic industrial disaster in 1911 that resulted in the deaths of 146 garment workers, highlighting unsafe working conditions.

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    Labor Movement

    Efforts by workers to improve wages and working conditions through unions and strikes, common in the Progressive Era.

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    Women’s Suffrage

    The movement advocating for women's right to vote, which gained momentum during the Progressive Era.

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    Civil Rights Movement

    An ongoing struggle for social justice and equality for Black Americans, gaining focus during the Progressive Era.

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    Imperialism Controversies

    Debates and conflicts over the United States' expansionist policies and actions during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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    Muckrakers

    Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues during the Progressive Era.

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    Jacob Riis

    A journalist whose book "How the Other Half Lives" highlighted poverty in city slums.

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    Upton Sinclair

    Author of "The Jungle," which exposed horrific conditions in the meatpacking industry.

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    Social Gospel

    A movement emphasizing the Christian duty to care for societal issues alongside individual salvation.

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    Walter Rauschenbusch

    A key figure in the Social Gospel movement who confronted crime and poverty in NYC.

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    Edward Bellamy

    Author of "Looking Backward," a novel envisioning a utopian society that inspired reform movements.

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    Charles Sheldon

    Wrote "In His Steps," emphasizing the question 'What would Jesus do?' in social reform.

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    Blind Spots of Social Gospel

    Neglected issues faced by women and minorities.

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    Women's Clubs

    Organized groups of women advocating for social issues.

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    National Association of Colored Women

    An organization aimed at supporting African American women, founded in 1896.

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    Carrie A. Nation

    A prominent temperance activist known for her hatchet attacks on bars.

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    Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

    An organization founded in 1874 combating alcohol abuse.

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    Hull House

    A community center founded by Jane Addams in Chicago for social reform.

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    Jane Addams

    An activist and founder of Hull House, aimed at improving community welfare.

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    Sherman Anti-Trust Act

    A 1890 law aimed at preventing monopolies and restraining trade.

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    Trusts

    Business entities that controlled multiple companies to limit competition.

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    Theodore Roosevelt's Role

    President who advocated for antitrust laws and viewed the presidency as a mediator.

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    Good vs. Bad Trusts

    Roosevelt distinguished between beneficial monopolies and those that harmed competition.

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    Northern Securities Company

    A major holding trust formed by wealthy bankers to control railroads.

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    Hepburn Act

    Legislation that allowed regulation of railroad rates by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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    Progressive Party

    Political party formed by Roosevelt after leaving the Republican Party, focusing on reforms.

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    New Nationalism Program

    Roosevelt's initiative that called for stronger regulations on existing corporations.

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    Vertical Integration

    A business strategy where a company controls every phase of production, from raw materials to distribution.

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    Horizontal Integration

    A strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors in the same industry.

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    Standard Oil Trust

    An example of a monopolistic company led by Rockefeller, which controlled the oil industry in the late 19th century.

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    Granger Laws

    Laws passed to regulate railroad rates and practices, aimed at protecting farmers and the public interest.

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    Munn v. Illinois

    An 1877 Supreme Court case that upheld the power of states to regulate private industries that affect the public interest.

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    Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

    Legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates and practices.

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    Supreme Court's Ruling on Corporations

    The judicial affirmation that large businesses could be regulated if they affected public interest, as shown in Munn's case.

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    Interstate Commerce Commission

    A regulatory agency created by the Interstate Commerce Act to oversee and enforce regulations on railroads.

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    John Muir

    Naturalist, writer and founder of the Sierra Club, advocating for nature preservation.

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    Gifford Pinchot

    Father of American forestry, key in federal management of national forests.

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    Hetch Hetchy

    A location where conservationist policies were debated against urban development.

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    Lacey Act of 1900

    Law banning illegal wildlife shipment across state lines.

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    Environmentalism

    Broad movement addressing environmental protection and awareness beyond just land management.

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    Settlement house workers

    Activists like Jane Addams focused on improving living conditions for the urban poor.

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    Game laws

    Laws instituted to regulate hunting and protect wildlife; can sometimes be biased.

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    Alice Hamilton

    Early activist concerned with working conditions and health standards in factories.

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    Study Notes

    American Yawp Ch 20 Book Notes

    • Introduction: Swift changes in industrial systems led to changes in religious, political, and social structures. Problems of the Gilded Age included unprecedented poverty, imperialism controversies, urban squalor, labor disputes, loosening social norms, unsanitary food production, immigration, environmental destruction, and political radicalism. These issues fueled the Progressive Era.

    Progressive Reforms

    • Reformers: Sought to improve politics, address civil rights for Black Americans, secure women's rights, demand better wages and working conditions for workers, and achieve union recognition.

    Mobilizing For Reform

    • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911): This tragic event exposed unsafe working conditions, leading to calls for reform. Workers were prevented from taking breaks and were trapped in the building, resulting in 146 deaths.

    • Reformers also included politicians, journalists, novelists, religious leaders, and activists. Magazines and books exposed corruption and poverty in the industrial order.

    Social Gospel

    • Social gospel emerged within Protestant Christianity in the late 19th century. It emphasized the concern for society's salvation, not just individual souls. Key figures, like Walter Rauschenbusch, highlighted the impact of poverty and inequality.

    Women's Movements

    • Women's Clubs: Organizations like the National Women's Club Federation and the General Federation of Women's Clubs focused on social reform. Other groups like the National Association of Colored Women were also active. Many were focused on biracial unity.

    • Carrie Nation: A prominent women's activist, advocating for temperance.

    • Jane Addams: Founder of Hull House. She worked on social reform and organized settlement houses to improve the lives of neighbors.

    Trust Busting and Progressive Era

    • Trusts: Powerful corporations used agreements and consolidations, leading to monopolies, which worried many about their influence on free markets.

    • Roosevelt's Actions: He targeted the Northern Securities Company, a holding trust, as part of progressive efforts. This signaled a shift from a laissez-faire approach.

    • Wilson's Approach: Wilson focused on small business incentives and avoiding actions that might hurt competition. He signed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act to strengthen the Sherman Act.

    Progressive Environmentalism

    • Environmental Impact: Industrial capitalism's environmental damage was substantial, sparking concern.

    • Conservation and Preservation: Approaches to address environmental damage, reflecting different values and priorities.

    Jim Crow and African American Life

    • Disenfranchisement: The South established systems to prevent African Americans from voting, including poll taxes and literacy tests.

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    This quiz covers the key concepts from Chapter 20 of the American Yawp, focusing on the social, political, and economic transformations during the Gilded Age and into the Progressive Era. It highlights critical reforms, significant events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, and the efforts of various reformers. Dive in to test your understanding of this important historical period.

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