American Yawp - Chapter 2 Flashcards

Spanish Explorations

• Juan Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the mythical "Fountain of Youth."
• Juan de Onate served as a Spanish Conquistador in New Mexico, known for the brutal Acoma Pueblo uprising where over 800 Native Americans were killed.
• Situated in the Southwest, Santa Fe became the first permanent European settlement, though the Spanish struggled to establish dominance in the region.

Religious Influences

• Huguenots were French Protestants, significantly influenced by theologian John Calvin, who spurred the Reformation, a 16th-century movement that led to the establishment of Protestant churches.
• Bartolome de Las Casas was a Dominican priest advocating against the mistreatment of Native Americans, highlighting ethical concerns during the colonization.

Indigenous Tribes

• The Apalachee were one of the most powerful tribes in Florida during the Spanish contact era.
• The Huron were a matriarchal Iroquoian-speaking group in the St. Lawrence region, heavily impacted by smallpox carried by French traders.

Colonial Establishments

• Samuel de Champlain established Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America, and founded Port Royal, one of Canada's earliest settlements.
• New Netherland, a Dutch colony that later became New York, was influenced by legal philosopher Hugo Grotius, who argued that Native Americans had natural rights.

Trade and Economy

• The Camino Real was a significant Spanish royal road connecting missions in Florida.
• Wampum, polished seashell belts, served as a medium of trade and gift-giving among Native American tribes, particularly the Iroquois.
• The headright policy in Virginia granted land to settlers, incentivizing migration by offering 50 acres for each additional person they brought.

Political Developments

• The Treaty of Tordesillas established a boundary between Spanish and Portuguese claims in the Americas.
• Richard Hakluyt argued for exploration and colonization by England, suggesting it would offer economic opportunities and help relieve unemployment.

Conflicts and Disappearances

• Roanoke Island, established by Sir Walter Raleigh, mysteriously vanished, leaving only the word "CROATAN" as a clue.
• The "Starving Time" in Jamestown (1609-1610) resulted in the death of most colonists due to inadequate survival skills.

Major Figures

• Elizabeth I played a crucial role in overseeing England's golden age and maintaining Protestantism.
• John Smith was instrumental in Jamestown's survival through his leadership, while John Rolfe's successful tobacco cultivation established Virginia's economic foundation.
• Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, married John Rolfe, improving relations between Native Americans and English settlers.

Societal Dynamics

• The House of Burgesses, created in 1618, marked the establishment of an elected assembly in colonial Virginia, limited to white landowners.
• Openchancanough, the brother of Powhatan, led efforts against colonial expansion in Virginia, resulting in a significant conflict in 1622.

Migration and Settlement

• The Great Migration saw about 20,000 people migrate to New England due to King Charles I's suppression of Puritan views.
• John Winthrop became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioning it as a "city upon a hill," reflecting Puritan ideals.