American Yawp Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Who declared that it was the 'manifest destiny' of Americans to settle western lands?

John Louis O'Sullivan

What is manifest destiny?

Belief that it was the US right to expand from coast to coast.

What was the Young America movement?

A political movement popular among young voters during the 1840s and early 1850s that advocated free market capitalism, national expansionism, and American patriotism.

What did Horace Greeley command people to do in 1841?

Do not lounge in the cities; go west. Signup and view all the answers

What was the First Seminole War?

A seven-year conflict in which the Seminole Indians, joined by runaway black slaves, waged guerrilla warfare against Americans and Indian removal. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorize?

Authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes east of the Mississippi. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court Decision?

Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from state governmental actions infringing on their sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

What position did John Ridge hold in relation to the Cherokee Nation?

He was an official of a Cherokee faction that supported John Ross. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Ross?

A Cherokee official who was part of the national faction that opposed removal treaties. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of New Echota?

A treaty signed in 1835 where a portion of the Cherokee Nation ceded lands in Georgia in exchange for five million dollars. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Martin Van Buren?

Eighth President of the US who ordered the forced removal of Cherokee not obeying the Treaty of New Echota. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Black Hawk War?

An Indian removal conflict in the North during 1832 leading to the removal of many Sauk to Kansas. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great Basin region known for during this period?

Integrated into the vast commercial trading network of the West, leading to violence among different groups. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thomas L. McKenney?

Superintendent of Indian trade and the main architect of the 'civilization policy'. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Erie Canal?

Linked the Great Lakes to New York City, turning it into a major port. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad have?

Encouraged the spreading of towns away from traditional waterways. Signup and view all the answers

Who was General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna?

Dictator of Mexico in 1834 who faced opposition from those in Texas. Signup and view all the answers

What happened at the Alamo?

A Spanish mission besieged by Mexican troops in 1836, where all Texans were killed. Signup and view all the answers

When did Texas declare independence from Mexico?

On March 2, 1836. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of San Jacinto?

A victory for Texans over the Mexican army lasting only 18 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Treaty of Velasco accomplish?

Santa Anna agreed to withdraw his army from Texas and acknowledge its independence. Signup and view all the answers

What was President John Tyler's relationship with Texas statehood?

He viewed it as essential to saving his political career and offered annexation. Signup and view all the answers

What was James K. Polk's role regarding Texas and Oregon?

He called for the annexation of both territories and negotiated a treaty with Britain over Oregon. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Nueces River signify for Mexico?

The boundary Mexico saw for Texas. Signup and view all the answers

Who was General Winfield Scott?

Led the U.S. Army to invade Mexico and took control of Mexico City. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Mexican American War?

It arose from border disputes and led to a significant territorial expansion for the US. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo accomplish?

Ended the Mexican-American War and defined the new borders between Mexico and the US. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

A 1854 agreement that further added to American territorial gains from Mexico. Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered gold on John Sutter's land?

James W. Marshall. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Figures and Concepts

John Louis O'Sullivan: Coined the term "manifest destiny," promoting the idea that Americans were destined to expand westward.
Manifest Destiny: A belief rooted in the idea of racial and cultural superiority, advocating U.S. expansion from coast to coast, leading to major political debates.
Young America Movement: Political initiative in the 1840s and early 1850s emphasizing free market capitalism, nationalism, and patriotism among younger voters.
Horace Greeley: Influential journalist encouraged relocation to the West for economic opportunities and argued for American exceptionalism.

Indian Policies and Conflicts

First Seminole War (1817-1818): Seminole Indians and runaway slaves resisted U.S. expansion through guerrilla warfare.
Indian Removal Act of 1830: Authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate treaties for the removal of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Supreme Court ruled Cherokee had federal protection against state interference; Jackson ignored this ruling.
Cherokee Factions:
- John Ridge: Supported removal and treaty negotiations.
- John Ross: Opposed removal, advocating for peaceful coexistence.

Treaties and Removal Trials

Treaty of New Echota (1835): Signed by a minority faction of Cherokee ceding land in Georgia for compensation, leading to internal tribal conflict and eventual forced removal.
Trail of Tears: Forcible removal in 1838 resulted in thousands of Cherokee deaths due to adverse conditions.
Black Hawk War (1832): Conflict in the North leading to the removal of the Sauk tribe to Kansas.

Expansion and Economic Development

Great Basin Region: Area saw violence and conflict as traders and settlers encroached upon Native lands, leading to dispossession for tribes like the Ute and Shoshone.
Thomas L. McKenney: Influential in the "civilization policy," advocating education for Native Americans and promoting cultural assimilation.
Erie Canal and Railroads: Infrastructure developments in the 19th century, such as the Erie Canal, significantly enhanced trade and movement; railroads later expanded towns beyond waterways despite facing many challenges.

Texas Revolution and Aftermath

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Mexican leader during Texas Revolution who became a dictator amid political unrest.
Alamo (1836): A pivotal siege by Mexican forces; all defenders killed, inspiring Texan resolve.
Texas Revolution: Texas proclaimed independence on March 2, 1836; Santa Anna’s forces defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Treaty of Velasco (1836): Signed by Santa Anna, acknowledging Texas independence, though unrecognized by Mexico.
President John Tyler: Advocated for Texas annexation as key to his political survival; Texas became the 28th state on July 4, 1845.

Mexican-American War

James K. Polk: Advocated for the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Territory, leading to the Mexican-American War.
Conflict over Boundaries: Disputes arose, particularly over the Nueces River versus the Rio Grande as the Texas border.
General Winfield Scott: Led U.S. forces that captured Mexico City; conflict marred by disease and internal strife among troops.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Ended the war, resulting in significant territorial gains for the U.S.

Economic Booms and Manifest Destiny

Gadsden Purchase (1854): Further territorial acquisition benefiting U.S. interests in the Southwest.
Gold Rush: John Sutter's land discovery in 1848 spurred economic growth, leading to demands for infrastructure like a transcontinental railroad.

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Description

Explore key concepts from Chapter 12 of the American Yawp with these flashcards. This quiz covers important figures and ideas such as Manifest Destiny and the Young America movement. Test your knowledge and understanding of American expansionism and its implications.