American Pageant Chapter 25

Immigration and Social Movements

• New Immigrants: Arrived during and after the 1880s, primarily from southern and eastern Europe.
• Settlement houses: Community centers aimed at providing social services to urban poor populations.

Religious and Educational Shifts

• Liberal Protestants: Advocated for adapting religion to scientific understanding, emphasizing moral lessons from the Bible over literal interpretation.
• Tuskegee Institute: Founded by Booker T. Washington to educate African Americans in practical skills for self-sufficiency.

Philosophical and Educational Developments

• Land-grant colleges: Educational institutions established on federally donated lands to promote higher education.
• Pragmatism: A philosophy prioritizing outcomes and effects over processes, influencing various fields including education.

Journalism and Literature

• Yellow journalism: Sensationalist journalism that exaggerates news to attract readers, famously used by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
• Realism: 19th-century artistic movement focusing on depicting life as it truly is, rejecting idealization.
• Naturalism: A literary offshoot of realism applying scientific objectivity to human character studies.
• Regionalism: Literary focus on specific geographical areas, highlighting local influences in storytelling.

Social Reform and Activism

• National American Woman Suffrage Association: Formed by leading suffragists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to advocate for women's voting rights.
• Woman's Christian Temperance Union: A key organization aimed at promoting the end of alcohol sales and reducing alcohol consumption.

Artistic Movements

• City Beautiful Movement: An initiative by architects to enhance beauty and order in industrial cities.
• World's Columbian Exposition: 1893 fair in Chicago celebrating Columbus's 1492 arrival in the New World.

Notable Figures

• Jane Addams: Founder of the Settlement House Movement and first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
• Charles Darwin: Proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection, authoring "On the Origin of Species."
• Booker T. Washington: Prominent African American leader advocating for economic self-reliance and head of the Tuskegee Institute.
• W.E.B. Du Bois: Civil rights leader emphasizing immediate civil rights for African Americans and co-founder of the NAACP.
• John Dewey: Advocate for progressive education based on pragmatic philosophy.

Cultural Figures

• Carrie Chapman Catt: Led the National Women's Suffrage Association and played a crucial role in securing the 19th Amendment in 1920.
• Horatio Alger: Novelist known for "rags to riches" stories that underscored the importance of hard work.
• Mark Twain: Renowned writer and humorist, known for novels like "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."
• Henry James: Author celebrated for exploring themes of American innocence versus European sophistication, noted for "Washington Square."
• Winslow Homer: Realist painter famous for evocative seascapes of New England.
• Augustus Saint-Gaudens: Influential sculptor recognized for his grand and robust artistic compositions.
• Frederick Law Olmsted: Designer of Central Park, aimed to incorporate natural beauty into urban settings; played a pivotal role in the City Beautiful Movement.