American Pageant: Chapter 15 Flashcards

Religious Movements and Doctrines

• Age of Reason: A work by Thomas Paine criticizing organized religion for monopolizing power and inflicting fear.
• Deism: An 18th-century belief emphasizing reason and science over scripture, advocating for moral behavior through understanding.
• Unitarians: Followers who reject the divinity of Christ, focusing on a single deity and the goodness of humanity, emphasizing free will and salvation through deeds.
• Second Great Awakening: A religious revival marked by emotional gatherings and widespread conversions in the early 19th century.
• Burned-Over District: A nickname for Western New York, notable for its intense religious enthusiasm during the Second Great Awakening.

Utopian Communities and Social Movements

• Mormons: Followers of Joseph Smith, who established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the 1830s with a communal approach.
• New Harmony: A communal society founded by Robert Owen in Indiana, aimed at creating an ideal living environment.
• Brook Farm: A Transcendentalist commune promoting simple living and intellectual pursuit.
• Oneida Community: A radical utopian society that advocated for free love, birth control, and eugenics.
• Shakers: A religious group promoting communal living and celibacy.

Education and Reform Movements

• Lyceum: Public forums that hosted lectures on diverse topics, fostering intellectual engagement.
• American Temperance Society: A reform initiative aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
• Maine Law of 1851: Legislation that banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
• Horace Mann: Advocate for educational reform, seeking improved school systems, longer terms, and better pay for teachers.
• Dorothea Dix: A pioneer in advocating for the mentally ill and reforming asylums.

Women's Rights Movement

• Convention at Seneca Falls: The first women's rights convention discussing issues like suffrage.
• Lucretia Mott: Quaker activist for women's rights, outraged by her treatment at an antislavery convention.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women's rights leader who shocked peers by advocating for female suffrage.
• Susan B. Anthony: A prominent figure in the women's rights movement known for her impactful lectures.
• Lucy Stone: Known for retaining her maiden name after marriage, promoting women's independence.
• Amelia Bloomer: Challenged traditional women's dress by introducing more practical clothing.

Literary and Artistic Developments

• Hudson River School: An artistic movement known for romantic landscape paintings.
• Minstrel Shows: Controversial performances by white actors in blackface, critiqued for perpetuating stereotypes.
• Transcendentalism: A movement emphasizing individual intuition and connection to the divine.
• The American Scholar: Ralph Waldo Emerson's address advocating for American intellectual independence.

Influential Figures

• Peter Cartwright: Influential preacher who urged repentance and converted many.
• Charles Grandison Finney: Notable preacher who condemned alcohol and slavery, drawing large crowds.
• Joseph Smith: Founder of the Mormon faith, claimed divine revelation through golden plates.
• Brigham Young: Successor to Smith, known for his leadership in establishing Mormon communities.
• Robert Owen: Founder of New Harmony, promoting communal living.
• John J. Audubon: Naturalist renowned for "Birds of America," leading to the formation of the Audubon Society.
• Stephen C. Foster: Composer who captured the spirit of enslaved individuals in his music.
• James Fenimore Cooper: The first American novelist, exploring themes of national identity.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson: Key transcendentalist thinker and critic of slavery.
• Henry David Thoreau: Writer and activist whose work inspired future civil disobedience movements.
• Walt Whitman: Celebrated poet with emotionally charged works like "Leaves of Grass."
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: One of America's most popular poets.
• Louisa May Alcott: Renowned for her novel "Little Women."
• Emily Dickinson: Poet known for her themes of love, nature, death, and immortality.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: Author of acclaimed works like "The Scarlet Letter."
• Herman Melville: Renowned for his novel "Moby Dick."
• Francis Parkman: Historian who documented the rivalry between France and Britain in North America.