American Literature and Culture Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of these contemporary literary movements challenges the established postmodern literary norms by emphasizing sincerity, earnestness, and emotional depth?

  • Postmodernism
  • Postautonomous Art
  • New Sincerity (correct)
  • Neo-Realism

The rise of electronic publishing and the increasing popularity of genres like romance, thriller, and fantasy are indicators of which trend in contemporary literature?

  • The Genre Turn (correct)
  • Oral Performance
  • Minimalism
  • Neo-Realism

What is a key characteristic of Neo-Realism, as exemplified by authors like Tom Wolfe and Raymond Carver?

  • Emphasis on irony and detachment
  • Emphasis on authenticity and detailed realism (correct)
  • Rejection of single-entendre values
  • Focus on fragmentation and uncertainty

Which contemporary author is known for her detailed psychological realism and minimalist prose, representing a shift towards narrative stability in contrast to postmodern uncertainty?

<p>Alice Munro (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these literary movements embraces an understanding of art as both aesthetic and political, challenging the notion of autonomous art?

<p>Postautonomous Art (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following literary trends challenges the traditional role of literature in the digital age, suggesting that the era of literature as a dominant art form might be over?

<p>Literature and the New Media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which writer predicted a return to single-entendre values and rejection of irony as the dominant literary mode, contributing to the rise of the New Sincerity movement?

<p>David Foster Wallace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these literary trends involves personal, raw, and emotionally exposing poetry that blurs the lines between private and public life?

<p>Confessional Poetry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Aristotle emphasize in contrast to Plato's criticism of art?

<p>Art has the potential to shape reality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which literary movement is characterized by a focus on characters shaped by heredity and environment?

<p>Naturalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner coin to describe the post-Civil War era?

<p>The Gilded Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Reality Effect' refer to in literary realism?

<p>The illusion of truth created through detailed description (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key theme is commonly explored in Jack London's works associated with Naturalism?

<p>The struggle for survival in a natural environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Local Color/Regionalism in literature?

<p>Highlighting dialects, customs, and landscapes of specific regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jacob Riis's work 'How the Other Half Lives' primarily addresses which societal issue?

<p>Slum conditions and poverty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical perspective does poststructuralism reject regarding literature's representation of reality?

<p>Literature is a direct reflection of actual events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theme is primarily explored in 'The Sea Wolf' by Jack London?

<p>Masculinity and the clash of ideologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which narrative technique did Henry James famously employ in his works?

<p>Stream of Consciousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Modernism as a literary movement?

<p>Challenging traditional forms and embracing experimentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the Lost Generation writers?

<p>Their focus on themes of disillusionment and alienation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is associated with the minimalist 'iceberg principle' in writing?

<p>Ernest Hemingway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which work features a man’s failure due to overconfidence in intellect over instincts?

<p>To Build a Fire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gertrude Stein advocate in her literary works?

<p>Experimental forms resembling modernist art (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society did Modernism respond to?

<p>Cultural and societal changes due to industrialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Samson Occom's writings?

<p>Exploring Native American struggles with colonization and conversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key themes depicted in Clare's work regarding slavery?

<p>Moral corruption of slavery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Puritan belief in American Exceptionalism?

<p>A view that America was destined for extraordinary leadership and prosperity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for creating the 'Jim Crow' character in minstrelsy?

<p>Thomas D. Rice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of writing style is exemplified by John Winthrop's 'A Model of Christian Charity'?

<p>Plain style (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Jeremiad?

<p>A sermon combining lamentation and a call for renewal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is associated with the theory of realism and is known for advocating the use of true language and dialects?

<p>William Dean Howells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the start of permanent English settlement in America?

<p>The establishment of Jamestown in 1607 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of realistic literature, what does psychological realism focus on?

<p>The inner workings of the human mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which work is often associated with local color realism and depicts the dialect and customs of New England life?

<p>The Country of the Pointed Firs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which belief underpins the Puritan concept of Predestination?

<p>Salvation is predestined, regardless of human effort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant document was signed in 1776 that asserted a new national identity for the United States?

<p>Declaration of Independence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes naturalism from realism?

<p>Emphasis on determinism and social conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following themes is central to the literary movement known as realism?

<p>Moral ambiguities and the struggles of the working class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary strategy involves interpreting events as extensions of Biblical narratives?

<p>Typology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is known for depicting themes of urban poverty and despair in their work?

<p>Stephen Crane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary concerns expressed in early accounts of explorers and settlers?

<p>Survival and interaction with Native Americans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered one of the first Native American authors to publish in English?

<p>Samson Occom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following themes is NOT characteristic of naturalism?

<p>Moral growth of individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary philosophy prioritizes truthful representation of reality in its narrative style?

<p>Realism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant theme explored by Tennessee Williams in his works, particularly in 'A Streetcar Named Desire'?

<p>Exploration of raw human desires and societal decay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which play by Arthur Miller serves as an allegory related to McCarthyism?

<p>The Crucible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of the Off-Off-Broadway Movement?

<p>Experimental performances that redefined theater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plays is known for its feminist themes and is categorized as a detective drama?

<p>Trifles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eugene O’Neill’s work was influenced by which two movements in drama?

<p>Naturalism and Expressionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the subject matter of Lilian Hellman's 'The Children’s Hour'?

<p>Confrontation of societal taboos, including lesbianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the drama produced during the Great Depression era?

<p>Politicization and engagement with current social issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which playwright is known for using epic theater techniques to universalize human experiences?

<p>Thornton Wilder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the themes of identity and race explore in Eugene O'Neill's 'The Emperor Jones'?

<p>The psychological impact of colonialism and myth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Harlem Renaissance influence American drama of the 1920s?

<p>It integrated African American cultural elements into mainstream theater. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gilded Age

Period post-Civil War marked by industrialization and social upheaval.

Realism

Literary style aiming to represent everyday life accurately, creating an illusion of truth.

Naturalism

A harsher realism emphasizing determinism, shaped by heredity and environment.

Mimesis

Concept of art as an imitation of reality discussed by Plato and Aristotle.

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Neo-realism

Literary movement emphasizing realism while incorporating modern complexities and perspectives.

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Local Color/Regionalism

Literary focus on specific regional dialects, customs, and landscapes in the U.S.

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Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories to society, supporting the idea of survival based on societal conditions.

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Robber Barons

Industrial magnates during the Gilded Age known for exploitative practices and wealth accumulation.

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New Sincerity

A literary response against postmodern irony, advocating for emotional depth and sincerity.

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Alice Munro

A key figure in Neo-Realism known for psychological realism and minimalist storytelling.

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Postautonomous Art

Art that engages with societal issues, market forces, and ethics rather than existing in isolation.

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Digitalization's Impact on Literature

Changes in reading habits and literary trends due to the rise of digital media like e-books and audiobooks.

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Confessional Poetry

A genre of poetry that expresses personal experiences and emotions, blurring public and private life.

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Oral Performance

Literary techniques combined with public performance, creating an expressive art form.

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Hip-Hop as Literary Expression

A fusion of rhyme, rhythm, and poetic techniques with music and performance.

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William Dean Howells

Key figure in realism advocating for fiction that reflects real life and everyday dialects.

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Psychological Realism

Focuses on the inner workings of the human mind and moral dilemmas.

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Local Color Realism

Depicts setting, dialect, customs, and values unique to a specific region.

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Themes in Realism

Explores industrial expansion, labor struggles, and disparities in rights post-Civil War.

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Dehumanization

A central theme in naturalism reflecting the loss of human qualities in industrial society.

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Mark Twain

Author known for works like 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn' using vernacular.

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Upton Sinclair

Authored 'The Jungle', exposing the exploitation of workers in the industrial age.

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Themes of Naturalism

Survival, poverty, instincts, and the impact of industrialization on individuals.

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Civilization

Survival requires both instinct and intellect, reflecting class struggle.

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Gilded Age Inequalities

Harsh social and economic disparities during America's Gilded Age.

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Modernism

A movement challenging traditional forms, embracing experimental techniques.

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Stream of Consciousness

Narrative technique capturing characters' inner thoughts flowing naturally.

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Lost Generation

Disillusioned writers post-World War I, exploring alienation themes.

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Gertrude Stein

Prominent modernist who hosted artists and advocated experimental literature.

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Ernest Hemingway

Author known for minimalist style and iceberg principle in writing.

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The Sea Wolf

A novel contrasting masculinity and survival through the journey of a writer.

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Samson Occom

A Mohegan preacher and the first Native American author to publish in English, highlighting struggles with colonization.

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John Smith's Account

A first-hand narrative detailing the struggles in Jamestown and interactions with Pocahontas.

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Puritanism

A religious reform movement emphasizing moral living, community, and strong work ethics among settlers.

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Covenant Theology

The belief in an agreement with God to live morally as a chosen community.

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American Exceptionalism

The belief that America has a unique, divine purpose to lead, often referred to as 'city on a hill.'

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Predestination

The doctrine that salvation or damnation is predetermined by God, regardless of one’s actions.

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Plain Style Literature

A writing style that emphasizes clarity and religious humility, avoiding ornate language.

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Jeremiad

A sermon combining lamentation, moral warning, and hope for renewal in society.

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John Winthrop

A key Puritan writer who described the Puritan community as a 'city on a hill' in his work.

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Typology in Puritan Literature

A literary strategy that sees current events as a reflection of biblical narratives.

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Zoot Suit

A 1978 play that addresses race and identity issues.

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Tennessee Williams

An American playwright known for works like The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire, exploring family and societal themes.

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The Glass Menagerie

A 1944 play by Tennessee Williams focusing on family dynamics and unfulfilled dreams.

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Death of a Salesman

A 1949 play by Arthur Miller critiquing the American Dream and materialism.

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Long Day's Journey Into Night

An autobiographical play by Eugene O’Neill that explores family crises and addiction.

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Federal Theater Project

A New Deal program that funded theater productions during the Great Depression, highlighting social issues.

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Edward Albee

A playwright known for works like Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, exploring human isolation and absurdity.

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Postmodern Drama

A style that blends fact and fiction, leading to fragmented narratives and character identities.

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Susan Glaspell

A playwright known for feminist themes and societal critiques, notably in Trifles.

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Experimental Performance

A movement in theater that deviates from traditional storytelling to innovative forms and styles.

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Study Notes

American Literature and Culture

  • Historical context and key events are crucial for understanding the evolution of American literature.
  • Native Americans' rich traditions, stories, myths, and legends were passed down to preserve their culture and beliefs. Examples include Samson Occom's "A Short Narrative of My Life" (1768).
  • European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries marked a significant turning point, leading to increased European interest in the New World.
  • First settlements, such as Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, led to interactions with Native Americans, documented in texts like John Smith's "A True Relation of Virginia" (1608).
  • The Puritan movement from the 17th century onward profoundly shaped American religion and identity, reflected in writings like John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity" (1630).
  • The early 18th century saw the rise of Enlightenment ideals, impacting philosophies and political thought, a shift visible in Benjamin Franklin's writings and the development of the nation.
  • The 18th and 19th centuries saw evolving political ideologies, with the Declaration of Independence (1776), Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Constitution marking key milestones.
  • The development of a national American literary style and the rise of new genres.
  • Key movements like Transcendentalism (1820-1870) and the influence of Europe (e.g. Romanticism, Realism).
  • The increasing use of different literary styles, including realism, naturalism, and postmodernism.
  • Themes of national identity, regionalism, and cultural diversity reflected in literature.
  • Authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman played significant roles in developing American literary traditions.
  • The rise of African American literature, including the Harlem Renaissance, is also part of the broader American literary tradition.

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