36 Questions
What is the main purpose of using a gait belt?
To provide support and safety during ambulation
Which muscles are primarily responsible for supporting the lower extremity during stance?
Hip extensors & abductors
What is the definition of 'stride' in the context of gait cycle?
Two steps comprising a stride
What is the primary factor in choosing a gait pattern for a patient?
Medical condition
At what angle should the crutch tip be placed in relation to the small toe?
45º angle out from the small toe
What is the weight bearing status abbreviation for 'Patient can put full weight on involved LE'?
FWB
Which test is used to measure the maximum distance a person can reach forward beyond arm’s length while maintaining a fixed base of support in standing?
Functional reach test
What is the primary function of the otolith organs in the vestibular system?
Responds to linear acceleration & orientation of head with reference to gravity
Which system plays a greater role in resolving conflicts if both somatosensory and vision are affected?
Vestibular system
What is the primary purpose of the foam-and-dome test in balance assessment?
To increase the level of sensory conflict and postural difficulty
Which test involves the patient getting up from a chair, walking 3 meters, turning, returning to the chair, and sitting back down?
Timed up and go test
What is the primary function of the semicircular canals in the vestibular system?
Detects angular acceleration & deceleration forces acting on the head
What does balance training involve?
Working on different sensory systems such as visual, vestibular, and somatosensory
How can ambulatory devices benefit individuals?
Provide additional support and improve balance control
What factors influence the selection of wheelchair type and components?
Impairments, functional ability, age, size, expected use, and potential for change in the patient's condition
What do seating strategies and problems aim to provide?
Postural support, optimal soft tissue loading, comfort, distal extremity function, and independence
What does using gait and assistive devices depend on?
Physical therapy assessment of muscle strength, ROM, balance, coordination, and endurance
What does the physical therapist's positioning for guarding during ambulation depend on?
Patient's balance and skill with the assistive device, as well as the level and type of assistance required
Which assistive device is advantageous for long-term users and allows for more mobility in tight spaces?
Forearm crutches
Which gait pattern is used when the patient has only one functional upper extremity?
2-point gait pattern
Which assistive device combines platform and standard axillary crutches and is used for patients with hand or forearm impairment?
Platform crutches
Which gait pattern is used for patients with impairments of one lower extremity and requires the use of two crutches, two canes, or a walker?
3-point gait pattern
Which gait pattern is best in crowded areas due to its stability and low energy expenditure?
4-point gait pattern
Which assistive device is more functional with stairs and confined areas and is used for minor balance problems and minimal support needs?
Single tip canes
Which strategy involves shifting the center of gravity by flexing or extending the hips?
Hip strategy
Which muscles are activated when the ankle strategy shifts the center of gravity forward?
Plantar flexors
Which system provides information about the environment and guides movements using mostly unconscious awareness?
Ambient vision
What is the clinical manifestation of being unable to recognize common objects but being able to use the ambient visual system to reach and grab objects?
Visual agnosia
What is the primary function of the semicircular canals in the vestibular system?
Detecting motion
What is the clinical manifestation of being able to recognize an object in focal vision but unable to use the information to accurately guide the hand to the object due to impaired ambient vision?
Optic ataxia
Which strategy shifts the center of gravity by flexing or extending the hips?
Hip strategy
Which muscles are activated first in the ankle strategy for balance?
Plantar flexors
Which system provides information about the environment and guides movements using mostly unconscious awareness?
Ambient vision
What is the clinical manifestation of the inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements symptomatic of some central nervous system disorders and injuries and not due to muscle weakness?
Ataxia
Which strategy involves a change in support where upper or lower limbs make new contact with the surface?
Stepping strategy
What is the primary function of the sensory system in balance?
All of the above
Study Notes
Assistive Devices for Ambulation and Gait Patterns
- Forearm crutches have the advantage of providing greater selection of gait patterns and ambulation speeds.
- The fitting and measuring of forearm crutches involve specific positioning of the patient, crutch tip, elbow flexion, and cuff height and width.
- Forearm crutches are advantageous for long-term users and allow for more mobility in tight spaces.
- Platform crutches combine platform and standard axillary crutches and are used for patients with hand or forearm impairment.
- Quad canes have a stable base but can be troublesome if the patient cannot maintain full base contact.
- Single tip canes are more functional with stairs and confined areas and are used for minor balance problems and minimal support needs.
- The 2-point gait pattern is used with two assistive devices and is stable but less rapid and stable than the 4-point pattern.
- The 2-point modified gait pattern is used when the patient has only one functional upper extremity.
- The 3-point gait pattern is used for patients with impairments of one lower extremity and requires the use of two crutches, two canes, or a walker.
- The 3-point PWB gait pattern is more stable than the 3-point NWB but slower and requires less energy and strength.
- The 4-point gait pattern is used for more severe impairments and is best in crowded areas due to its stability and low energy expenditure.
- The step-through gait pattern requires the use of two crutches or a walker and is used for patients with specific lower extremity impairments.
Test your knowledge of assistive devices for ambulation and gait patterns with this quiz. Learn about the advantages and specific fitting of forearm crutches, platform crutches, quad canes, single tip canes, and various gait patterns used for different impairments.
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