التجارة الإلكترونية: المزايا والعيوب

Electronic Commerce (E-commerce)

• E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of physical products online, or any type of product or transaction conducted through the internet.
• Essential systems for e-commerce include email, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and instant messaging systems.

Advantages and Disadvantages of E-commerce

• Advantages:*

• Detailed product descriptions and reviews allow for easy comparisons.

• Multiple purchases and payments are possible within a single online store.

• Disadvantages:*

• Cannot physically see or inspect products before purchasing.

• Must wait for delivery after purchase.

• Additional costs like taxes and shipping fees can occur.

E-commerce Models

• Classified into three types based on participants:
  • Business-to-Business (B2B): Transaction between businesses.
  • Business-to-Consumer (B2C): Transaction between a business and a consumer.
  • Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): Transaction between consumers.

E-Marketplaces

• Platforms where third parties offer products or services, with the marketplace handling transactions.
• Allow businesses to register as consumers or producers.
• Consumers can compare products and services based on performance, quality, and price.

Examples of E-marketplaces

• Amazon: A platform for external sellers to sell new or used products at fixed prices, in addition to Amazon's own products. Sellers gain access to Amazon's customer base.
• eBay: A global marketplace facilitating consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer transactions through auction and online shopping.

Types of E-Marketplaces

• Independent E-marketplace: Owned by independent organizations providing spaces for buyers and sellers to interact. Examples: eBay.com and Alibaba.com
• Buyer-Oriented E-marketplace: Used by suppliers to showcase products for specific buyers. Example: General Electric (GE) in the energy sector.
• Supplier-Oriented E-marketplace: Managed by a group of suppliers. Often used by manufacturing companies to promote products/services to other companies. Examples: Cisco and Intel.

Virtual Goods

• Non-physical assets in virtual economies. Examples: video games, professional development workshops, and internet software.
• Value is determined solely by what users are willing to pay for them.

Online Shopping

• A form of e-commerce where consumers directly purchase products or services from online vendors using applications and websites.

E-Payment

• Paying for products and services through electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, or tablets.
• Payment methods include credit cards, debit cards, and bank transfers.

Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)

• Transferring money between accounts at the same bank or separate financial institutions using a computer network.

E-Marketing

• Promoting business activities and brands online, using tools to attract potential customers and generate sales.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

• Exchanging business information electronically. Companies exchange documents instead of using traditional paper-based methods.

Inventory Management

• Overseeing and managing the flow of goods from suppliers/manufacturers to warehouses and retail locations.
• Maintains detailed records of each product's entry and exit from warehouses or retail points.

Digital Distribution

• Delivery of digital media content like audio, video, eBooks, and video games purchased through e-commerce. Often includes online methods alongside physical methods like paper or CD distribution.

Mobile Payment System

• Payment for goods or services using mobile devices or tablets. Also used to send money to friends and family through apps.

E-wallet

• Electronic payment method for online transactions using computers or smartphones. Protected by a password; similar to a credit card.

Invoice via Email

• Allows for issuing and sending invoices electronically. Enables immediate payment by the buyer following steps outlined. Integration possible with email notifications and online payment models, facilitating reporting functions for invoices and payments.

PayPal

• Purchase transaction has no buyer fees; a percentage is taken from the seller's proceeds.

Secure Connection

• Connection encrypted by security protocols to ensure data security. Unencrypted communications are vulnerable to hacking and malware attacks. Sensitive data like login credentials and financial information are at risk.

Trust Signals

• Elements displayed on websites to increase customer trust in purchasing decisions.

Verified by Visa/Norton Seal

• Trust marks to enhance user trust and protect against fraudulent transactions (e.g., Verified by Visa, Norton Seal).

Data Validation

• Verifying data accuracy within software and programs. Ensuring data adheres to defined rules and ranges.

Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries (Programming Concepts)

• Lists (e.g., nums, fruits) store ordered sequences of data. List elements can be of different data types.
• Tuples are ordered data structures (e.g., list). Elements cannot be modified.
• Dictionaries (e.g., dictionary_name) store data as key-value pairs, allowing access via keys.

Text Files

• Ordered text strings, potentially containing letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Operations like deletion, addition, and modification are possible using specific commands.

File Operations in Python

• Reading and writing files can be done via commands and functions.

Python Programming: List Examples

• Sample list operations in Python.

التجارة الإلكترونية هي بيع وشراء المنتجات عبر الإنترنت. تشمل المزايا سهولة المقارنة من خلال الوصف التفصيلي، وإمكانية الشراء والدفع المتعدد في متجر واحد. ومع ذلك، تشمل العيوب عدم القدرة على فحص المنتجات قبل الشراء، وضرورة انتظار التسليم، بالإضافة إلى التكاليف الإضافية.