Alternative Therapies in Nutritional Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which herb is commonly used to help treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

  • Echinacea
  • Aloe Vera
  • Ginseng
  • Cranberry (correct)

    • Which of the following vitamins is known to be stored in the liver?

  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin B12 (correct)
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin B6

    • What function do minerals provide in the body?

  • Regulate hormonal levels
  • Help in nerve conduction and muscular contraction (correct)
  • Nutrient absorption in the intestines
  • Produce energy from carbohydrates

    • Which macro mineral is essential for muscle function and nerve conduction?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential serious interaction when combining herbal therapies?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin requires daily replenishment due to its water-soluble nature?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the lipid-soluble vitamins that need intermittent renewal?

    <p>Vitamins A, D, E, K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about natural therapies?

    <p>Natural does not mean safe or better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by fractures, irritability, muscle twitches, and cardiac abnormalities?

    <p>Calcium deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with phosphorus?

    <p>Neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the uses of magnesium in the body?

    <p>Activation of enzymes in metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a micromineral?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of zinc in the human body?

    <p>Nucleic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is specifically required for bone and teeth health?

    <p>Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could potentially manifest due to magnesium deficiency?

    <p>Dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is enteral nutrition typically used?

    <p>For patients unable to eat by mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of iron supplementation is known to cause anaphylaxis and should be started with a small dose?

    <p>Iron dextran (IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary element is known to enhance the absorption of iron?

    <p>Ascorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when administering iron sucrose (IV) to patients?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Promotes red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for Epoetin Alfa in cancer patients?

    <p>Hemoglobin above 100 g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is iron best absorbed in the digestive tract?

    <p>In an acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor regulates white blood cell production?

    <p>Colony stimulating factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can decrease the absorption of iron supplements?

    <p>Antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of anemia are indications for Epoetin Alfa therapy?

    <p>Anemia from end-stage kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should liquid iron be diluted and taken through a straw?

    <p>To prevent staining of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two agents are classified as colony stimulating factors?

    <p>Filgrastim and sargramostim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms of iron supplementation is specifically used for dialysis patients?

    <p>Iron sucrose (IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does filgrastim function in the treatment of neutropenia?

    <p>Increases white blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a contraindication when considering the use of enteric-coated or sustained-release iron forms?

    <p>They are absorbed best in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one action of interleukins in relation to white blood cells?

    <p>Increase production of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary source for the secretion of erythropoietin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary side effects of chemotherapy?

    <p>Skeletal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for thrombopoietin?

    <p>Stimulates platelet production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pernicious anemia?

    <p>B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options can lead to a deficiency of folic acid?

    <p>Poor dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes B12 absorption?

    <p>Requires intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of pernicious anemia?

    <p>Memory loss and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the use of growth factor medications?

    <p>Fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vitamin B12 and folic acid essential for?

    <p>Rapidly dividing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a feeding tube?

    <p>To assist with swallowing difficulties or inadequate oral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enteral feeding is characterized by delivering 250-400ml of formula every 4-6 hours using a syringe?

    <p>Bolus feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common side effects associated with bolus enteral feeds?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes peripheral parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Is usually temporary and requires a large peripheral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of continuous enteral feeding?

    <p>Less likelihood of complications such as aspiration and dumping syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are typically included in central parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Essential nutrients like amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are solutions for parenteral nutrition individualized?

    <p>To tailor them according to metabolism and underlying disorders based on lab results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alternative Therapies, Nutritional, Hematopoietic Disorders

    Herbs and Their Treatments

    • Aloe vera treats skin and burns

    • Cranberry treats UTIs and colds

    • Echinacea treats immune system support

    • Garlic treats cholesterol, blood pressure, anticoagulation, antiemetics, and inflammation

    • Ginger treats nausea and inflammation, increases blood glucose

    • Ginseng treats stress, immune system, fatigue, menopausal symptoms, and prevents CAD (coronary artery disease)

    • Soy treats menopausal symptoms, prevents CAD, and is anticancer

    • St. John's Wort treats depression, anxiety, and inflammation

    Serious Interactions

    • Anticoagulants
    • Insulin
    • Digoxin

    Vitamins

    • Water-soluble vitamins: B complex and vitamin C; replenish daily; exception - B12 stored in liver
    • Fat-soluble vitamins: ADEK; require intermittent renewal; stored in liver and adipose tissue

    Minerals

    • Two functions of minerals: ions of electrolytes in body fluids and bound to organic molecules (hemoglobin, phospholipids, enzymes)
    • Macro-minerals: calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulphur
    • Microminerals: iron, iodine, fluorine, zinc

    Calcium

    • Used for: nerve conduction, muscle contraction, homeostasis
    • Low levels can be due to: lack of calcium intake, lack of vitamin D, chronic diarrhea, decreased parathyroid hormone, fractures, irritability, restless muscles, muscle twitches, cramps, and cardiac abnormalities

    Phosphorus

    • Used for: bone formation, component of ATP and nucleic acids, buffer in the blood
    • Manifestations of low levels include: weakness, muscle tremor, anorexia, and bleeding abnormalities

    Magnesium

    • Used for: neuromuscular function and activating enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism
    • Manifestations of low levels include: general weakness, dysrhythmias, hypertension, and loss of deep tendon reflexes

    Enteral Nutrition

    • Delivers nutrients directly to the stomach through a feeding tube
    • Used when swallowing difficulties prevent adequate oral intake

    Parenteral Nutrition

    • Feeding through veins when enteral nutrition is not possible
    • Used when patients cannot tolerate enteral nutrition or have significant undernutrition

    Central Parenteral Nutrition

    • Administered through central veins
    • Contains: amino acids, dextrose, lipids, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and electrolytes

    Carbohydrates (Role and Side Effects)

    • Role: primary source of calories
    • Side effects: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia (if stopping abruptly)

    Lipids (Role and Side Effects)

    • Role: provide energy
    • Cautions: hazardous to patients with liver or pulmonary disease, anemia, blood coagulation disorders, and hyperlipidemia
    • Side effects: may cause fluid volume overload

    TPN Components

    • Amino acids
    • Electrolytes and Minerals
    • Vitamins

    Electrolytes and Minerals

    • Include: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, acetate, and trace elements
    • Should be monitored

    TPN Complications

    • Catheter: infection, pneumothorax/hemothorax, thromboembolism, infection (endocarditis), and arrhythmias
    • Metabolic: fluid volume overload, electrolyte imbalances, high triglycerides, bone disease/demineralization, hepatic steatosis, gallbladder disease

    Hematopoiesis

    • Blood cell formation
    • Needs B vitamins, vitamin C, copper, iron, and other components

    Anti-Neoplastic Drugs

    • Harmful effect: toxic to bone marrow, causing neutropenia

    Erythropoietin (EPO)

    • Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
    • Used to treat anemia

    Epoetin Alfa Indications

    • Anemia from: end-stage kidney disease, chemotherapy, zidovudine therapy, and body iron shortages; and appropriate bone marrow function

    Epoetin Alfa Contraindications

    • Cancer patients, with hemoglobin above 100 g/L
    • Kidney disease patients, with hemoglobin above 130 g/L

    Growth Factors (Role)

    • Control WBC production

    Colony Stimulating Factors (Types)

    • Filgrastim, Sargramostim

    Nursing Implications for Growth Factors

    • Monitor CBCs

    Anemia Causes

    • Blood loss, erythrocyte destruction, and decreased erythrocyte production

    Vitamin B12 Deficiency

    • Pernicious/megablastic anemia

    Pernicious Anemia Symptoms

    • Large, immature red blood cells; memory loss, confusion, unsteadiness, and numbness/tingling

    Folic Acid Deficiency Causes

    • Poor dietary intake
    • Conditions affecting the small intestine
    • Alcoholism
    • Neural tube malformations during pregnancy

    Iron Supplementation Methods

    • Ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate (oral)
    • Iron dextran (IV)
    • Ferric Gluconate
    • Iron sucrose (IV)

    Enteral Iron Considerations

    • Take iron one hour before meals;
    • May be taken with meals for better absorption or GI comfort
    • Best absorbed in an acidic environment
    • Dilute liquid iron for tooth safety

    Iron Drug Interactions

    • Increased absorption with ascorbic acid
    • Decreased absorption with antacids, tetracyclines, and quinolones

    Iron in Milk and Antacids

    • Avoid taking iron with large amounts of milk or antacids
    • Maintain an upright position for 30 minutes after oral iron administration

    Iron-Rich Foods

    • Leafy green vegetables, dried fruits, beans, meats, and eggs

    Iron Stool Color

    • Black or tarry color

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    Description

    Explore the role of herbs, vitamins, and minerals in treating hematopoietic disorders through alternative therapies. This quiz covers specific herbs, their treatments, vitamin types, and potential interactions with medications. Test your knowledge on how these natural remedies can support health and wellbeing.

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