50 Questions
According to Piaget, children are considered to be:
Active beings that directly act on their environments
In Piaget's Developmental Theory, which stage occurs from age 0-2 years?
Sensorimotor
During an experiment involving exposure to three identical versions of her mother, a 3-month-old infant is likely to:
Interact happily with each version of her mother
In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants and toddlers 'think' with their:
Sensorimotor skills - eyes, ears, and hands
According to the core knowledge perspective, what do infants have at birth?
Innate knowledge systems
What did Wynn, Bloom, and Chiang's study with 5-month-olds demonstrate?
Infants' ability to discriminate quantities and use it to perform simple arithmetic
What do Piaget's contributions include?
Inspired research, practical value, and observations
According to the information processing theory, what are children in their environments?
Active constructors
What does the information processing theory emphasize as different aspects of thinking?
Structure of the system, sensory register, working memory, long term memory
What can infants do by 6 months according to the text?
Categorize on the basis of two correlated features
According to Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory, how do infants initially build schemes?
Through sensory and motor exploration
What is the term used to refer to the psychological structures that infants develop to make sense of experiences?
Schemes
At what stage do infants gain voluntary control over their actions and combine separate actions?
Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
What does accommodation involve in Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
Creating new schemes to fit the environment
What is the term for the internal process of linking and organizing schemes in Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
Organization
Which substage in the Sensorimotor Stage involves novelty, curiosity, and accurate A-B search?
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
At what age range do infants in the secondary circular reactions stage begin to try to repeat interesting events in their environment?
4-8 months
What begins to develop during the secondary circular reactions stage, allowing infants to understand that objects continue to exist when out of sight?
Object permanence
What criticism is made about Piaget's theory regarding children's cognitive development?
Continual development instead of major leaps
During which stage do infants display the ability to remember and copy behaviors of models who are not present?
Mental representation/Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months)
What emerges during the Novelty and curiosity stage (12-18 months), where infants begin to understand that deliberate variations of actions bring desirable consequences?
Ability to imagine where objects might be
What do infants in the Improved control over behaviors stage begin to focus on?
Physical gestures and actions they can produce
At what age range do infants begin to understand that objects continue to exist when out of sight but not yet fully?
4-8 months
What type of mental representation do infants have the ability to create during the Mental representation/Internalization of Schemes stage?
Images and concepts
What criticism is made about Piaget's theory regarding cultural variations?
Describing children in Western countries, not universally
What ability starts earlier than 18 months, contrary to Piaget's assumptions?
Deferred imitation
At what age do infants display object permanence and understand physical laws earlier than assumed by Piaget?
4-8 months
At what age do infants begin to comprehend meanings of some words?
6 months
Which theory of language development focuses on reinforcement and imitation in language learning?
Behaviorist Perspective
When do babies utter their first word?
12 months
According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, where do children's cognitive capacities arise from?
Social interactions
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) related to?
Tasks that children cannot handle alone but can do with help
What does the HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) checklist gather information about?
The quality of children's home lives
According to the text, which system of long-term memory emerges in the second half of the first year?
Explicit memory
At around what age are infants able to combine two words?
18 months
Which developmental scale was the first to distinguish between normally and atypically developing children based on behavior at different ages?
Gesell's test
What is the earliest type of categories that infants categorize in their physical world and emotional/social world?
Perceptual categories
What is the distinction that infants understand by around 14 months?
Appropriate actions for certain categories of items
What alternative to infant tests can be used to predict intelligence from early childhood to adulthood?
Habituation and recovery to visual stimuli
Which perspective proposes that language development depends on specific brain structures and interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences?
The Interactionist Perspective
At what age do babies establish joint attention, allowing them to use social skills to acquire language and actively participate in games?
12 months
At what age do infants begin understanding word meanings and start uttering their first words?
12 months
Which stage marks a rapid increase in word production between 18 and 24 months, with telegraphic speech focusing on high content words?
Two-Word Utterance Phrase Stage
At what age do infants begin to comprehend meanings of some words according to the text?
6 months
What system of long-term memory emerges in the second half of the first year according to the text?
Implicit Memory System
What is the term for the internal process of linking and organizing schemes in Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
Organization
According to Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, where do children's cognitive capacities arise from?
Social interactions and cultural practices
During which stage do infants display the ability to remember and copy behaviors of models who are not present?
Secondary Circular Reactions Stage
At what age range do infants in the secondary circular reactions stage begin to try to repeat interesting events in their environment?
8-12 months
What ability starts earlier than 18 months, contrary to Piaget's assumptions?
Combining two words
Study Notes
- Infants from 6 to 12 months old categorize their physical world and emotional/social world.
- Earliest categories are perceptual, such as legs for animals and wheels for vehicles.
- Around the 6th month, infants start to categorize based on common functions or behaviors.
- By 14 months, infants understand that some actions are appropriate for certain categories of items and not others.
- The distinction between inanimate and animate objects expands by the end of the 2nd year.
- Infants' expanding vocabulary fosters categorization.
- There are two separate systems involved in long-term memory: explicit (conscious and intentionally recalled) and implicit (memories of which we are not consciously aware but affect performance and behavior).
- Explicit memory does not emerge until the second half of the first year.
- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory suggests that children's cognitive capacities are influenced by social and cultural contexts.
- Children's complex mental activities arise from social interactions with more mature and wise members of society.
- The Zone of Proximal Development refers to tasks that children cannot handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.
- Arnold Gesell's developmental scale, called Gesell's test, was the first to distinguish between normally and atypically developing children based on behavior at different ages.
- The Bayley Scales of Infant Development assess infant behavior and predict later development.
- Most infant tests predict later intelligence poorly.
- The speed of habituation and recovery to visual stimuli can be used as an alternative to infant tests and is effective in predicting intelligence from early childhood to adulthood.
- Intelligence is influenced by both heredity and environment.
- Studies have examined the relationship between environmental factors and toddler mental scores.
- The home environment is particularly effective in influencing mental ability.
- The HOME (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) checklist gathers information about the quality of children's home lives.
- Language development is related to improvements in perception and cognition.
- Around 6 months, infants start to comprehend meanings of some words.
- Babies utter their first word around 12 months.
- By 1.5-2 years, infants are able to combine two words.
- Around 6 years, infants have a vocabulary of 10,000 words.
- Three theories of language development include the Behaviorist Perspective (language is learned through operant conditioning), the Nativist Perspective (language is innate), and the Interactionist Perspective (language is a result of both innate and environmental factors).
- The Behaviorist Perspective focuses on reinforcement and imitation in language learning.
o Imitation is an important aspect of early language development, enabling children to quickly learn complex utterances through reinforcement from parents. o The Nativist Perspective proposes that language is too complex for direct teaching or discovery, with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) being an innate system that enables children to understand universal grammar. o Children have a sensitive period for language acquisition during childhood, with deaf adults who learned American Sign Language (ASL) never becoming as proficient as those who learned in childhood. o Language Development faces challenges, such as the lack of a single grammar system and children not acquiring language as quickly as assumed. o The Interactionist Perspective suggests that language development depends on specific brain structures and interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences. o Language development begins with cooing around 2 months and babbling around 6 months, with deaf infants also babbling, but requiring sign language exposure to continue. o Babies establish joint attention around 12 months, allowing them to use social skills to acquire language and actively participate in games. o Infants begin understanding word meanings around 6 months and start uttering their first words around 1 year, with errors including underextension and overextension. o The Two-Word Utterance Phrase marks a rapid increase in word production between 18 and 24 months, with telegraphic speech focusing on high content words. o Individual and cultural differences, such as gender, temperament, and socioeconomic status, can influence language development. o Girls tend to start talking earlier than boys, while shy or negative children may be later in language development, and low socioeconomic status can impact referential and expressive styles.
Explore alternative perspectives on cognitive development theory, such as the core knowledge perspective, which suggests that infants possess innate knowledge systems. Delve into the debate over the extent of infants' initial understanding and their potential innate numerical knowledge.
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