Alteration of Biological Microenvironment by Chemicals Quiz

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Which of the following is the most common mechanism by which chemicals can induce cancer according to the text?

Inducing lipid peroxidation through hydrogen abstraction

Disrupting the metal cofactors of enzymes

Causing non-specific inhibition of various enzymes

Altering the coding properties of the DNA bases (correct)

What is the primary mechanism by which alkylating agents can damage DNA according to the text?

Covalently bonding to the DNA (correct)

Causing single or double strand breaks in the DNA backbone

Interfering with DNA replication

Inducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation

Which of the following is an example of a reversible enzyme inhibition mechanism described in the text?

Displacement of a metal cofactor from the enzyme

Hydrolytic enzyme destruction of biomolecules

Interaction between a chemical and the enzyme's sulfhydryl groups (correct)

Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron

What is the primary target organ for toxicity from lead exposure?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which route of exposure is most likely to result in the oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron, as described in the text?

Inhalation exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of a dose-dependent toxic effect of chemicals?

Oxidizing ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which chemicals can alter the biological microenvironment?

Covalently binding to target proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to differences in toxic effects of xenobiotics among individuals of the same species?

Differences in enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following xenobiotics is most likely to cause bilirubin toxicity (kernicterus) in neonates?

Sulfonamides Signup and view all the answers

The toxic effects of a xenobiotic are LEAST likely to be influenced by which of the following factors?

Dose-response relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following xenobiotics is MOST likely to cause lipid peroxidation through the generation of free radicals?

Quinones Signup and view all the answers

A xenobiotic that precipitates in the kidney is MOST likely to have which of the following effects?

Decreased excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the interaction of toxicants with target molecules is correct?

Covalent binding of toxicants with target molecules is generally more dangerous because it can permanently alter the target molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a non-covalent binding interaction between a toxicant and a target molecule?

The binding of warfarin to vitamin K epoxide reductase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following toxicants is known to cause lipid peroxidation, leading to membrane damage and cell death?

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of toxicity associated with asbestos exposure?

Asbestos fibers interact non-covalently with structural proteins, increasing collagen deposition in the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered when determining the dose-response relationship of a toxicant?

Genetic predisposition of the individual Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of toxicity associated with cyanide exposure?

Cyanide binds covalently to iron in hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport. Signup and view all the answers