ALS Chapter in De Lisa Book Quiz

ALS can occur at any age, with the average age at onset being the mid-to-late ______s

After age 65, the prevalence of ALS is equal between males and females, with a ratio of ______

One of the risk factors for ALS is gene mutation of ______

Individuals with certain occupations may be at higher risk due to neurotoxicant ______

Vigorous physical activity, heavy manual labor, and trauma are all potential risk factors for ALS due to overuse and ______

The degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex, and brainstem are all associated with the pathophysiology of ALS, involving glutamate excitotoxicity and ______

The 50% survival rate for patients with primary bulbar symptoms is only 1 year post ______

UMN manifestations include spasticity, hyperreflexia, clonus, Babinski sign, Hoffmann sign, and muscle ______

LMN manifestations include flaccidity, areflexia/hyporeflexia, hypotonicity, muscle atrophy, and muscle ______

Cervical extensor weakness is a common sign in patients with ______

Muscle weakness can lead to secondary complications such as joint subluxation, ambulation problems, high risk for falls, contractures, deformities, and ADL ______

Healthy, intact surrounding axons can sprout and reinnervate the partially denervated muscle, in essence assuming the role of the degenerated motor neuron and preserving strength and function early in the disease; however, the surviving motor units undergo ______.

Reinnervation can compensate for the progressive degeneration until motor unit loss is about 50%, and electromyography (EMG) studies have found evidence of motor unit reinnervation in individuals with ______.

As the disease progresses, reinnervation cannot compensate for the rate of degeneration and a variety of ______ develop.

Average duration of the disease is 27 to 43 months. Age at time of onset has the strongest relationship to ______.

Patients less than 35 to 40 years of age at onset had better 5-year survival rates than older individuals. Poor prognostic factors include: older age at time of onset, bulbar and/or pulmonary dysfunction early in the clinical course of the disease, short time period from symptom onset to diagnosis, and predominance of LMN findings at the time of ______.

Young males with ALS may have a longer life expectancy but overall the median 50% ______.

FTD associated with ALS is mostly characterized by cognitive decline, functioning impairments, hard time in planning, organizing, and concept abstract, as well as behavior changes. Patients with FTD are also reported to have cognitive impairments, such as verbal fluency, language comprehension, memory abstract reasoning, and intellectual function.

Even without FTD, patients may still experience ______ impairments. This may also be caused by respiratory impairments because there is not enough oxygen in the brain of the patient.

Pseudobulbar affect is characterized by pathological weeping, ______, and yawning that is inappropriate or excessive to the emotional state of the patient. It is considered to be a result of loss of frontal lobe inhibition of brainstem generated emotional responses.

Differential Diagnosis includes variants of ______ neuron diseases. The relationship between ALS and other variants is not entirely clear, but there is strong evidence that these disorders are at a minimum tightly related.

The start of muscle weakness in ALS is distal to proximal, meaning it begins in the _______ parts of the body.

There can be underlying causes such as Sialorrhea or ______ impairment due to muscle weakness. Cognitive impairments may include difficulties in planning, organizing, and concept abstract, as well as behavior changes. Patients with FTD are also reported to have cognitive impairments, such as verbal fluency, language comprehension, memory abstract reasoning, and intellectual function.

The revised El Escorial criteria with the Awaji modification forms the diagnostic criteria generally used currently. Principles is the requirement para ma-diagnose si pt with ___

Most commonly used imaging technique is ___

Ang pag-spread ng ALS is continuous; parang spider-web, region per region; not diffused. Board-sensitive ang diagnostic categories ng ___

Upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) findings in the same limb are very suspicious for ___

Electrodiagnostic testing is the cornerstone of identification of LMN loss in all MNDs, but diagnosis of ALS requires clinical correlation with examination features of UMN involvement. No laboratory or imaging test can make the diagnosis of ___ in isolation

In a patient with clinical features of ALS, no diagnostic test can rule out ___. Most patients suspected of having ALS should undergo testing to exclude mimicking conditions