Questions and Answers
What disease did Lou Gehrig give his name to?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Where did Lou Gehrig deliver his famous speech?
Yankee Stadium
What commonality did Lou Gehrig share with the men and women serving in the armed forces of the United States?
He was at greater risk of developing ALS
What conclusion does existing evidence support regarding military service and ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of U.S. persons meeting the case definition for ALS reported service in the military?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does the fraction of ALS patients reporting military service appear to be disproportionately large?
Signup and view all the answers
What did a CDC report published in 2018 demonstrate about men in older age groups affected by ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main goal of The ALS Association as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of ALS on patients as described in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a part of the same neurodegenerative disease spectrum as ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prognosis for a person diagnosed with ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of Riluzole, a drug approved for the treatment of ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What has the current research revealed about Riluzole's effects on ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Nuedexta consist of?
Signup and view all the answers
What should research into ALS and the military NOT be conducted at the expense of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is The ALS Association advocating for, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What are The ALS Association and its local Chapters a central resource for?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the text imply about the impact of understanding the connection between ALS and military service?
Signup and view all the answers
What substances are military personnel more likely to come into contact with, which are thought to be linked to ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group experienced the greatest risk of ALS according to the study conducted by Ronnie D. Horner, Ph.D.?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the funding source for the study conducted by Robert Haley, M.D., of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the study conducted by Robert Haley, M.D., find about the incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the study led by Ronnie D. Horner, Ph.D., seek to determine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor has been suggested as playing a role in the higher incidence of ALS reported in military personnel?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a key finding of the study conducted by Ronnie D. Horner, Ph.D., regarding ALS risk in military personnel?
Signup and view all the answers
What age group did the study conducted by Robert Haley, M.D., focus on in relation to ALS occurrence?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the text suggest about military TBIs in relation to ALS incidence?
Signup and view all the answers
"Despite not knowing what increases risk in military populations" - What does this statement suggest about our current understanding?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be considered when attempting to define ALS risk in the military population?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the study by Robert Haley, M.D. find about the observed incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of Nuedexta, as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
How is Edaravone thought to confer its protective benefits for ALS patients?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prevalence of ALS in 2013 and 2014, as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of all ALS cases are hereditary, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of ALS does Edaravone not address, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a recognized risk factor for the development of sporadic ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the prevalence of ALS in 2004, according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of Edaravone, as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential cause for sporadic ALS, as indicated in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Nuedexta primarily treat in ALS patients?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the FDA approve Edaravone for?
Signup and view all the answers
What organization advised the federal government on public health issues and healthcare policy regarding ALS in veterans?
Signup and view all the answers
When did the IOM issue the finding that the existing evidence supports an increased risk of ALS in veterans?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the IOM note about the Harvard study on retrospective cohorts from all eras of service regarding ALS and the military?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the VA implement regulations for in 2008, two years after the IOM report?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the presumption for ALS differ from other presumptions issued by the VA?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the epidemiologists at Harvard's School of Public Health report in their studies published in 2009 and 2015 regarding the risk of ALS in men with a history of military service?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one important aspect of the studies conducted by epidemiologists at Harvard’s School of Public Health?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the result of the meta-analysis conducted using eight case-control studies and three cohort studies to elucidate the relationship between military service and ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What was one limitation mentioned about the meta-analysis conducted using case-control and cohort studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the committee appointed by IOM call for after evaluating the existing scientific literature on ALS in the veteran population?
Signup and view all the answers
What prompted the VA to request an independent assessment of the relationship between military service and ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which study demonstrated that men who served in the military and were born between 1915-1939 had higher ALS mortality rates?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the VA establish in 2006 to support research on ALS in veterans?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the Genes and Environmental Exposures in Veterans with ALS study (GENEVA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What was unique about the ALS C.A.R.E project?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Congress mandate in 2008, subsuming the 2003-2007 VA registry?
Signup and view all the answers
What did researchers at Harvard University’s School of Public Health seek to assess?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the VA establish in response to studies linking ALS and service in the Gulf War?
Signup and view all the answers
What did researchers note about the increase in ALS mortality among men born between 1915-1939 who had served in the military?
Signup and view all the answers
What did studies demonstrate about Gulf War veterans concerning their likelihood to develop ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of data does the Million Veteran Program aim to provide?
Signup and view all the answers
What was unique about the findings reported in a 2009 publication regarding male patients with ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the largest analysis to date on the ALS/military link suggest?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the DVBIC research review find about the association between TBI and ALS?
Signup and view all the answers
What did researchers examine in relation to ALS and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
Signup and view all the answers
Why did the DVBIC authors find the results inconclusive?
Signup and view all the answers
What do epidemiologists believe about cohorts with specific toxic exposures, such as veterans with known exposure to burning agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) part of?
Signup and view all the answers
What did recent studies examine in subjects with confirmed ALS from the VA Biorepository Brain Bank?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are subgroup analyses for military occupational specialty, frequency, duration, duty station, or specific incidents considered appropriate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the information papers published by the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What did recent large population-based case-control studies conducted in Denmark find about employment by the military?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do researchers from the VA want to examine possible links between ALS and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
Signup and view all the answers