الروابط الكيميائية: الأيونية والتساهمية

• The lesson covers the concept of chemical reactions from their historical understanding to pre-eighties.

Lewis Model

• Valence electrons play a crucial role in forming bonds.

Types of Bonds

• Chemical Bonds
  • Ionic bond
  • Covalent bond
  • Coordinate bond
• Physical bonds
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Metallic bond

Ionic Bond

• Formed between elements (metals and non-metals)

Metals

• Characterized by large atomic sizes
• Small ionization potentials
• During chemical reactions, metal atoms tend to lose electrons from their outermost energy level
• This results in the formation of positive ions.

Non-metals

• Characterized by small atomic sizes
• Large electron affinities
• Their atoms tend to gain electrons that metal atoms have lost
• This results in the formation of negative ions.

Ionic Bond (Details)

• Represents an electrical attraction between a cation and an anion
• Ionic bonds do not have a physical existence or specific direction.

Covalent Bond

• Generally occurs between atoms of non-metal elements that are similar or close in electronegativity.

Pure Covalent Bond

• Forms between two atoms of the same non-metal element
• The difference in electronegativity between them is zero.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

• A bond that forms between two atoms of non-metal elements
• The difference in electronegativity between them is greater than zero and often up to 0.4.

Polar Covalent Bond

• Is a bond that forms between two atoms of different elements
• The difference in electronegativity between them is somewhat large, greater than 0.4 and less than 1.7.