Alpine Glaciation Flashcards
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Alpine Glaciation Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Where do glaciers originate?

Mountainous areas at the headwaters of stream tributaries.

What do glaciers do?

Erode, transport, and deposit eroded material.

What is the zone of accumulation?

An area where snow accumulates to a great thickness.

What is the zone of ablation?

<p>The area where eroded material is deposited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is abrasion?

<p>Work on glacier floor and valley sides causing a sand-paper effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is frost-shattering?

<p>When loose material falls from valley sides onto glacier edges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is plucking (quarrying)?

<p>When a glacier freezes onto rock and pulls it away as it moves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rotational movement?

<p>Downhill movement of ice that pivots like a spinning top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cirque form?

<p>Snow collects in hollows, and freeze-thaw action disintegrates rocks, enlarging the hollow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cirque?

<p>A glacially eroded rock basin with a steep head wall and steep sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a horn?

<p>The sharpened peak of a mountain formed by glacial erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an arete?

<p>A sharp ridge that forms between two glacial cirques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a U-shaped valley?

<p>Former narrow V-shaped valleys deepened by glacial erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fjord?

<p>A narrow valley or inlet originally carved out by a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hanging valley?

<p>Results from a main glacier eroding at a different rate than its tributary glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are truncated spurs?

<p>Blunt-ended ridges of rock jutting from the side of a glacial trough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Roche mountonnée?

<p>Mass of more resistant rock smoothed by glacier movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nunatak?

<p>A jagged mountain peak that protrudes above a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tarn?

<p>A small mountain lake formed by melting glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone of accumulation in glaciers?

<p>An area where additions of snow exceed losses of ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the zone of ablation in glaciers?

<p>An area where losses of ice exceed additions of snow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transportation by glaciers?

<p>Eroded material is transported within and on top of glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are striations?

<p>A series of parallel scratches and grooves created by glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a moraine?

<p>A landform that develops when debris carried by a glacier is deposited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lateral moraine?

<p>A ridge of till along the edge of a valley glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an englacial moraine?

<p>A lateral moraine covered with snow that becomes a ground moraine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a terminal moraine?

<p>Marks the maximum limit of a glacier lobe or snout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a medial moraine?

<p>A linear accumulation of material extending down the center of a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are recessional moraines?

<p>Marks a recessional phase in the decline of a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a varve?

<p>A sediment formed in a glacial lake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are erratics?

<p>Boulders picked up and carried by ice over long distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ice-dammed lake?

<p>Meltwater trapped by ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are outwash deposits?

<p>Deposits formed by meltwater streams from a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outwash plain?

<p>An area where meltwater streams deposit material ahead of a glacier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a kame?

<p>A conical shaped pile of sand and gravel formed in ice depressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are features associated with alpine glaciation?

Signup and view all the answers

What is drift?

<p>The collective name for all glacial deposits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of glacial drift?

<p>Till and fluvioglacial material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a valley glacier?

<p>Larger masses of ice that move down former river courses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a piedmont glacier?

<p>Formed when valley glaciers extend onto lowland areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glaciers and Their Origins

  • Glaciers originate in mountainous areas at stream tributaries' headwaters, notably found in the Alps, Rockies, Andes, Himalayas, and more.

Functions of Glaciers

  • Glaciers act as powerful agents of erosion, performing erosion, transport, and deposition of materials.

Zones of Glacial Activity

  • Zone of Accumulation: Area where snow accumulates significantly.
  • Zone of Ablation: Region where eroded materials are deposited.

Erosion Processes

  • Abrasion: Smoothens valley floors and sides through continuous scraping action.
  • Frost-Shattering: Loose materials fall onto glaciers, forming lateral moraines and contributing to englacial debris.
  • Plucking (Quarrying): Ice adheres to rock and actively erodes it, resulting in a rugged landscape.
  • Rotational Movement: Ice pivots and moves downhill, causing extensive overdeepening of glacier floors.

Landforms Created by Glaciers

  • Cirque: A bowl-shaped depression with steep sides formed by glacial erosion.
  • Horn: A pyramidal peak shaped by glacial erosion from multiple sides.
  • Arete: A sharp ridge formed between two cirques.
  • U-shaped Valley: Transformation of V-shaped valleys into broad, flat-bottomed U shapes due to glacial erosion.
  • Fjord: An ocean inlet formed by melting glaciers in deep valleys.
  • Hanging Valley: Leads to elevated cliffs where tributary glaciers erode at different rates compared to the main glacier.
  • Truncated Spurs: Stumps of ridges eroded straight through by advancing glaciers.

Specific Glacier Features

  • Roche Mountonnee: A rock formation shaped by glacial actions, marked by a smooth side facing ice flow and a jagged side resulting from plucking.
  • Nunatak: Jagged mountain peaks that protrude above glacier surfaces, which remain rough due to lack of ice smoothing.
  • Tarn: Small lakes formed in cirques from melting glaciers.

Glacial Transport and Deposits

  • Glacial Transportation: Movement of eroded materials both within and above glaciers, also transported by meltwater.
  • Striations: Indicator of glacial movement, shown as parallel scratches and grooves on rocks.
  • Moraines: Deposited debris that forms specific types of landforms:
    • Lateral Moraine: Ridges formed along valley glacier edges.
    • Englacial Moraine: Material incorporated within the glacier ice and eventually forming ground moraine.
    • Terminal Moraine: Marks the furthest advance of a glacier.
    • Medial Moraine: Formed when two lateral moraines merge.
    • Recessional Moraines: Formed during pauses in glacier retreat.

Characteristics of Glacial Deposits

  • Varve: Fertile sediment layer formed in glacial lakes.
  • Erratics: Large boulders carried long distances by ice and deposited in areas with different bedrock.
  • Ice-Dammed Lake: Bodies of water trapped by glaciers.
  • Outwash Deposits: Material deposited by meltwater streams from glaciers.
  • Outwash Plain: Created from extensive meltwater streams delivering sediment ahead of glaciers.
  • Kame: Hills formed from sediment deposits at crevasses or depressions in glaciers.

Glacial Drift

  • Drift: Collective term for all materials deposited under glacial conditions.
  • Types of Glacial Drift:
    • Till: Unsorted materials including moraines and erratics.
    • Fluvioglacial Material: Sorted materials deposited by meltwater, such as varves.

Types of Glaciers

  • Valley Glacier: Large ice masses that flow down existing valley paths, shaped by topography.
  • Piedmont Glacier: Forms when valley glaciers move onto flatter areas, merging and spreading out.

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Test your knowledge on alpine glaciation with these flashcards! Learn about where glaciers originate, their impact on erosion, and key concepts such as the zone of accumulation. Perfect for students of geology or anyone interested in earth sciences.

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