Podcast
Questions and Answers
When a college freshman is assigned a roommate and is asked to describe their personality, this situation best relates to which approach in psychology?
When a college freshman is assigned a roommate and is asked to describe their personality, this situation best relates to which approach in psychology?
Which important concept in psychology involves the use of factor analysis to identify the underlying structure of personality?
Which important concept in psychology involves the use of factor analysis to identify the underlying structure of personality?
What is the main topic of the chapter 'The Trait Approach Theory, Application, and Assessment'?
What is the main topic of the chapter 'The Trait Approach Theory, Application, and Assessment'?
Which approach in psychology emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique qualities and potential of individuals?
Which approach in psychology emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique qualities and potential of individuals?
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Which type of assessment tool is commonly used in the Trait Approach to measure personality traits?
Which type of assessment tool is commonly used in the Trait Approach to measure personality traits?
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In the context of describing personality traits, which approach focuses on observable behaviors rather than underlying traits?
In the context of describing personality traits, which approach focuses on observable behaviors rather than underlying traits?
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According to the text, which approach identifies relatively stable features of an individual's personality?
According to the text, which approach identifies relatively stable features of an individual's personality?
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Who among the following identified over 4,000 adjectives in the English language for the purpose of describing personality?
Who among the following identified over 4,000 adjectives in the English language for the purpose of describing personality?
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What were the four types into which the ancient Greeks divided people based on personality?
What were the four types into which the ancient Greeks divided people based on personality?
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What did the early attempts to describe personality include?
What did the early attempts to describe personality include?
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Which approach assumes that each person fits into one category and that all people within a category are alike?
Which approach assumes that each person fits into one category and that all people within a category are alike?
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What did another early effort identify based on general physique?
What did another early effort identify based on general physique?
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What do trait psychologists assume about personality characteristics?
What do trait psychologists assume about personality characteristics?
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What does the typology approach assume about distinctly different behaviors for each category?
What does the typology approach assume about distinctly different behaviors for each category?
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The trait approach to personality identifies characteristics that can be represented along a ____________.
The trait approach to personality identifies characteristics that can be represented along a ____________.
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What is one of the features of an individual's personality that the trait approach identifies?
What is one of the features of an individual's personality that the trait approach identifies?
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In what way do personalities continue to develop as individuals move through adulthood and into old age?
In what way do personalities continue to develop as individuals move through adulthood and into old age?
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Who used his knowledge of personality to select undercover agents for the Office of Strategic Services?
Who used his knowledge of personality to select undercover agents for the Office of Strategic Services?
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What was Murray's primary area of expertise?
What was Murray's primary area of expertise?
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Which statistical technique did Murray employ to determine the relationship between personality traits?
Which statistical technique did Murray employ to determine the relationship between personality traits?
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What did Cattell identify using various sources of data?
What did Cattell identify using various sources of data?
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What did Cattell believe in the existence of?
What did Cattell believe in the existence of?
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What did Cattell gather data from to identify 16 basic traits?
What did Cattell gather data from to identify 16 basic traits?
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What is an example of a trait measured by the 16 PF questionnaire?
What is an example of a trait measured by the 16 PF questionnaire?
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Which two traits might be highly correlated, forming two groups: achievement and interpersonal warmth?
Which two traits might be highly correlated, forming two groups: achievement and interpersonal warmth?
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What did Murray argue psychologists should not start with?
What did Murray argue psychologists should not start with?
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Which office did Murray work for while taking a break from academia?
Which office did Murray work for while taking a break from academia?
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Which widely-used personality inventory was created by Cattell?
Which widely-used personality inventory was created by Cattell?
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What was a topic of ongoing debate in personality research?
What was a topic of ongoing debate in personality research?
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What is the term used by Henry Murray to describe the basic elements of personality?
What is the term used by Henry Murray to describe the basic elements of personality?
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How many psychogenic needs did Henry Murray eventually identify?
How many psychogenic needs did Henry Murray eventually identify?
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Which of the following was NOT one of the identified psychogenic needs by Henry Murray?
Which of the following was NOT one of the identified psychogenic needs by Henry Murray?
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What approach did Raymond Cattell use to identify the structure of personality?
What approach did Raymond Cattell use to identify the structure of personality?
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In what field did Henry Murray earn his undergraduate degree?
In what field did Henry Murray earn his undergraduate degree?
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At which university did Henry Murray become a successful lecturer despite being a stutterer?
At which university did Henry Murray become a successful lecturer despite being a stutterer?
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Who played a significant role in developing the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Henry Murray?
Who played a significant role in developing the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with Henry Murray?
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Which theorist influenced Henry Murray's work early in his career?
Which theorist influenced Henry Murray's work early in his career?
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According to trait researchers, what is the significance of a person's score on a trait measure?
According to trait researchers, what is the significance of a person's score on a trait measure?
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What did Gordon Allport emphasize in his trait theory?
What did Gordon Allport emphasize in his trait theory?
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What are the two general strategies used by trait researchers?
What are the two general strategies used by trait researchers?
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What did Allport predict about the future of personality traits?
What did Allport predict about the future of personality traits?
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What did Allport identify as common traits?
What did Allport identify as common traits?
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What is the primary focus of trait researchers?
What is the primary focus of trait researchers?
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What characterized Allport's meeting with Sigmund Freud?
What characterized Allport's meeting with Sigmund Freud?
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Who was more likely to find trait researchers' work useful?
Who was more likely to find trait researchers' work useful?
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What did Allport believe about traits?
What did Allport believe about traits?
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When did Gordon Allport publish the first work on personality traits?
When did Gordon Allport publish the first work on personality traits?
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Who is more likely to use traits and trait measures in their work?
Who is more likely to use traits and trait measures in their work?
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What are the two approaches used by trait researchers to describe people?
What are the two approaches used by trait researchers to describe people?
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What was the turning point in Gordon Allport's career?
What was the turning point in Gordon Allport's career?
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What did Allport believe occasionally dominates a personality?
What did Allport believe occasionally dominates a personality?
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When was Gordon Allport elected president of the American Psychological Association?
When was Gordon Allport elected president of the American Psychological Association?
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What did Allport champion in personality research?
What did Allport champion in personality research?
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Who influenced Gordon Allport's academic path?
Who influenced Gordon Allport's academic path?
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What did Allport promote in his distinguished career at Harvard?
What did Allport promote in his distinguished career at Harvard?
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What was the title of Allport's 1937 book?
What was the title of Allport's 1937 book?
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Where did Allport experience resistance and silence during a seminar presentation?
Where did Allport experience resistance and silence during a seminar presentation?
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What award did Allport receive in 1964?
What award did Allport receive in 1964?
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What did Allport believe the advantage of the idiographic approach to be?
What did Allport believe the advantage of the idiographic approach to be?
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What did Allport feel as a child due to his love for words and lack of interest in games?
What did Allport feel as a child due to his love for words and lack of interest in games?
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What was a significant influence in shaping Allport's academic and professional background?
What was a significant influence in shaping Allport's academic and professional background?
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What did Donald Fiske's study in 1947 identify as the basic personality factors?
What did Donald Fiske's study in 1947 identify as the basic personality factors?
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What type of assessment tool was NOT included in the personality assessment conducted by Fiske and colleagues?
What type of assessment tool was NOT included in the personality assessment conducted by Fiske and colleagues?
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What practical limitations did Cattell, Fiske, and other pioneers face in their research?
What practical limitations did Cattell, Fiske, and other pioneers face in their research?
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What did the researchers factor analyze to identify the five basic personality factors?
What did the researchers factor analyze to identify the five basic personality factors?
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What did the identified personality factors by Fiske and his colleagues foreshadow in personality research?
What did the identified personality factors by Fiske and his colleagues foreshadow in personality research?
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In addition to standard trait measures, what other types of assessments were included in the personality assessment conducted by Fiske and colleagues?
In addition to standard trait measures, what other types of assessments were included in the personality assessment conducted by Fiske and colleagues?
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According to Mischel and other critics, what was the main issue with trait measures?
According to Mischel and other critics, what was the main issue with trait measures?
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What did the early research on honesty in children reveal about the intercorrelation among measures?
What did the early research on honesty in children reveal about the intercorrelation among measures?
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According to the text, what did Mischel criticize about trait scores?
According to the text, what did Mischel criticize about trait scores?
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What did the critics challenge about the assumption of cross-situational consistency in traits?
What did the critics challenge about the assumption of cross-situational consistency in traits?
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What did the person-by-situation approach prove to be more effective for predicting?
What did the person-by-situation approach prove to be more effective for predicting?
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What did the critics argue about the correlation between personality scores and behavior?
What did the critics argue about the correlation between personality scores and behavior?
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According to the text, what did psychologists challenge about the belief in cross-situational consistency of traits?
According to the text, what did psychologists challenge about the belief in cross-situational consistency of traits?
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What did Mischel and other critics question about the assumptions of the trait approach?
What did Mischel and other critics question about the assumptions of the trait approach?
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What did the person-by-situation approach prove to be more effective for predicting?
What did the person-by-situation approach prove to be more effective for predicting?
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According to the text, what was one of the criticisms of trait measures?
According to the text, what was one of the criticisms of trait measures?
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What did the critics challenge about the assumption of cross-situational consistency in traits?
What did the critics challenge about the assumption of cross-situational consistency in traits?
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What did Mischel and other critics question about the assumptions of the trait approach?
What did Mischel and other critics question about the assumptions of the trait approach?
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What is the primary focus of the Big Five personality model?
What is the primary focus of the Big Five personality model?
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What was the mean score reported for college students on the Conscientiousness scale?
What was the mean score reported for college students on the Conscientiousness scale?
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Who developed a scale to measure Conscientiousness as one of the Big Five personality dimensions?
Who developed a scale to measure Conscientiousness as one of the Big Five personality dimensions?
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According to Soldz & Vaillant's research, what did scores from college students' interviews in 1939 to 1944 highly correlate with?
According to Soldz & Vaillant's research, what did scores from college students' interviews in 1939 to 1944 highly correlate with?
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What did factor-analytic studies find patterns of that didn't fit within the five-factor model?
What did factor-analytic studies find patterns of that didn't fit within the five-factor model?
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What did Goldberg's scale to measure Conscientiousness comprise?
What did Goldberg's scale to measure Conscientiousness comprise?
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What do some argue about the Big Five model?
What do some argue about the Big Five model?
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What are Maverick traits that don't fit neatly into the Big Five model?
What are Maverick traits that don't fit neatly into the Big Five model?
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What did factor-analytic studies find patterns that didn't fit within?
What did factor-analytic studies find patterns that didn't fit within?
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What do different investigators have varying conceptions of?
What do different investigators have varying conceptions of?
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What did Goldberg develop a scale to measure?
What did Goldberg develop a scale to measure?
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According to the text, when do personalities become relatively stable?
According to the text, when do personalities become relatively stable?
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What does the text suggest about using specific trait scales instead of global Big Five measures?
What does the text suggest about using specific trait scales instead of global Big Five measures?
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What did Walter Mischel's criticisms lead to increased awareness among psychologists of?
What did Walter Mischel's criticisms lead to increased awareness among psychologists of?
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What is the text's suggestion about using the Big Five model for diagnosing clinical disorders?
What is the text's suggestion about using the Big Five model for diagnosing clinical disorders?
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What is one potential concern raised by critics, such as Walter Mischel, about personality test scores?
What is one potential concern raised by critics, such as Walter Mischel, about personality test scores?
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What can provide more accurate predictions of behaviors according to the text?
What can provide more accurate predictions of behaviors according to the text?
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What did the text suggest about the stability of personalities over the lifespan?
What did the text suggest about the stability of personalities over the lifespan?
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What is the significance of examining specific scores rather than global personality dimensions in understanding traits like sociability and anxiety?
What is the significance of examining specific scores rather than global personality dimensions in understanding traits like sociability and anxiety?
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What can be more useful for diagnosing clinical disorders and identifying problem health behaviors according to the text?
What can be more useful for diagnosing clinical disorders and identifying problem health behaviors according to the text?
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What has been embraced by psychologists in various fields and used for a range of purposes according to the text?
What has been embraced by psychologists in various fields and used for a range of purposes according to the text?
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What did the text highlight as a potential concern raised by critics like Walter Mischel?
What did the text highlight as a potential concern raised by critics like Walter Mischel?
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What did the text suggest about the stability of personalities during adulthood?
What did the text suggest about the stability of personalities during adulthood?
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Which dimension of personality is related to emotional distress and negative emotions such as anxiety and depression?
Which dimension of personality is related to emotional distress and negative emotions such as anxiety and depression?
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Which dimension of personality relates to being well-organized, careful, and self-disciplined?
Which dimension of personality relates to being well-organized, careful, and self-disciplined?
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Which dimension of personality is associated with being unconventional, creative, and intellectually curious?
Which dimension of personality is associated with being unconventional, creative, and intellectually curious?
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Which dimension of personality is related to being helpful, trusting, and sympathetic?
Which dimension of personality is related to being helpful, trusting, and sympathetic?
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What acronym is formed by the initial letters of the five basic dimensions of personality?
What acronym is formed by the initial letters of the five basic dimensions of personality?
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Which dimension of personality is related to sociability and energy?
Which dimension of personality is related to sociability and energy?
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What does the Big Five framework provide for understanding the complex nature of human personality?
What does the Big Five framework provide for understanding the complex nature of human personality?
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Which dimension of personality is related to being reserved, independent, and introverted?
Which dimension of personality is related to being reserved, independent, and introverted?
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Which psychologist did Raymond Cattell work with after being offered a position at Columbia University?
Which psychologist did Raymond Cattell work with after being offered a position at Columbia University?
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What did Raymond Cattell believe could be used in personality research?
What did Raymond Cattell believe could be used in personality research?
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Which university did Raymond Cattell spend most of his career at?
Which university did Raymond Cattell spend most of his career at?
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Which dimension of the Five Factor Model is characterized by pleasant social interactions and fewer quarrels?
Which dimension of the Five Factor Model is characterized by pleasant social interactions and fewer quarrels?
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What are people high in Conscientiousness characterized by?
What are people high in Conscientiousness characterized by?
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Which psychologist discovered the concept of general intelligence?
Which psychologist discovered the concept of general intelligence?
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Which university did Raymond Cattell opt for psychology after being inspired by a lecture?
Which university did Raymond Cattell opt for psychology after being inspired by a lecture?
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Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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What are people high in Neuroticism characterized by?
What are people high in Neuroticism characterized by?
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Which factor analysis proponent worked as a research assistant for Charles Spearman?
Which factor analysis proponent worked as a research assistant for Charles Spearman?
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Who did Raymond Cattell join the faculty of when he developed the idea that factor analysis could be used in personality research?
Who did Raymond Cattell join the faculty of when he developed the idea that factor analysis could be used in personality research?
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What was Raymond Cattell's primary area of expertise?
What was Raymond Cattell's primary area of expertise?
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What did the researchers find when they looked at the relationship between the scale score and the student’s 2-week total of initiated social contacts?
What did the researchers find when they looked at the relationship between the scale score and the student’s 2-week total of initiated social contacts?
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According to the text, what did Allport distinguish between?
According to the text, what did Allport distinguish between?
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What is one reason personality trait measures often fail to break the .30 to .40 barrier according to the text?
What is one reason personality trait measures often fail to break the .30 to .40 barrier according to the text?
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What did Murray use to determine the relationship between personality traits?
What did Murray use to determine the relationship between personality traits?
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According to the text, what is a trait more likely to predict a person’s behavior if it is important or central for the person?
According to the text, what is a trait more likely to predict a person’s behavior if it is important or central for the person?
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What did the researchers find a correlation of.51 between?
What did the researchers find a correlation of.51 between?
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What percentage of the variance in behavior do personality measures account for?
What percentage of the variance in behavior do personality measures account for?
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In social-psychological studies, what range do the correlation coefficients of important situational variables have?
In social-psychological studies, what range do the correlation coefficients of important situational variables have?
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In medical studies like the one on aspirin and heart attacks, what is the correlation coefficient mentioned?
In medical studies like the one on aspirin and heart attacks, what is the correlation coefficient mentioned?
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What life events can personality traits significantly predict, according to the text?
What life events can personality traits significantly predict, according to the text?
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What is a criticism of employers' use of personality test scores?
What is a criticism of employers' use of personality test scores?
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What did Mischel's critique focus on?
What did Mischel's critique focus on?
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What do medical studies like the one on aspirin and heart attacks account for in terms of the variance?
What do medical studies like the one on aspirin and heart attacks account for in terms of the variance?
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What did critics point to regarding test scores and job performance?
What did critics point to regarding test scores and job performance?
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What life events can personality traits significantly predict, according to the text?
What life events can personality traits significantly predict, according to the text?
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What proportion of variance in behavior do personality measures account for?
What proportion of variance in behavior do personality measures account for?
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What was the focus of Mischel's critique?
What was the focus of Mischel's critique?
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What did critics point to regarding test scores and job performance?
What did critics point to regarding test scores and job performance?
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What is the primary advantage of self-report inventories in personality assessment?
What is the primary advantage of self-report inventories in personality assessment?
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Which personality inventory contains 567 true-false items in the MMPI-2 version?
Which personality inventory contains 567 true-false items in the MMPI-2 version?
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What did the critics primarily question about trait measures?
What did the critics primarily question about trait measures?
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What is the primary challenge associated with self-report inventories in personality assessment?
What is the primary challenge associated with self-report inventories in personality assessment?
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Which widely-used personality inventory was developed in the late 1930s and has a revised version published in 1989?
Which widely-used personality inventory was developed in the late 1930s and has a revised version published in 1989?
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What was a significant limitation of self-report inventories highlighted in the text?
What was a significant limitation of self-report inventories highlighted in the text?
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What is the primary focus of psychologists when using the MMPI for personality assessment?
What is the primary focus of psychologists when using the MMPI for personality assessment?
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Which trait continuum do relatively simple scoring procedures generate scores along?
Which trait continuum do relatively simple scoring procedures generate scores along?
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What is a common purpose of using self-report inventories in personality assessment?
What is a common purpose of using self-report inventories in personality assessment?
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What is a potential issue associated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) according to the text?
What is a potential issue associated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) according to the text?
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What distinguishes self-report inventories from more complex assessments like the Rorschach inkblot test?
What distinguishes self-report inventories from more complex assessments like the Rorschach inkblot test?
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What type of analysis do psychologists primarily use when interpreting self-report inventories?
What type of analysis do psychologists primarily use when interpreting self-report inventories?
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Why may clinical psychologists make inaccurate assessments when relying too heavily on self-report measures?
Why may clinical psychologists make inaccurate assessments when relying too heavily on self-report measures?
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What can be used to detect faking in self-report inventories?
What can be used to detect faking in self-report inventories?
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How can psychologists mitigate careless or sabotaging responses during testing sessions?
How can psychologists mitigate careless or sabotaging responses during testing sessions?
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What percentage of test questions did university students in a study fail to understand?
What percentage of test questions did university students in a study fail to understand?
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What is a potential challenge to the validity of detecting faking in self-report measures?
What is a potential challenge to the validity of detecting faking in self-report measures?
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What may some test takers do intentionally during testing sessions?
What may some test takers do intentionally during testing sessions?
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What is a common concern about the National College Entrance Examination (gao kao) in China?
What is a common concern about the National College Entrance Examination (gao kao) in China?
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What are the consequences for cheating in the National College Entrance Examination (gao kao) in China?
What are the consequences for cheating in the National College Entrance Examination (gao kao) in China?
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What is the purpose of the Special breakfast eaten before the gao kao in China?
What is the purpose of the Special breakfast eaten before the gao kao in China?
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What does the Social Desirability response tendency measure in psychological tests?
What does the Social Desirability response tendency measure in psychological tests?
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What does the debate around SAT and ACT scores in US universities primarily focus on?
What does the debate around SAT and ACT scores in US universities primarily focus on?
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What is a concern regarding fairness in relation to SAT and ACT scores in US universities?
What is a concern regarding fairness in relation to SAT and ACT scores in US universities?
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Why do several universities no longer consider entrance exam scores in the US?
Why do several universities no longer consider entrance exam scores in the US?
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What does the Response Tendencies section measure in psychological tests?
What does the Response Tendencies section measure in psychological tests?
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'Scores on SAT and ACT questioned as accurate indicators of academic potential' is primarily concerned with:
'Scores on SAT and ACT questioned as accurate indicators of academic potential' is primarily concerned with:
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What is a common criticism of gao kao, China's National College Entrance Examination?
What is a common criticism of gao kao, China's National College Entrance Examination?
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What is a strong predictor of job performance according to the Big Five model?
What is a strong predictor of job performance according to the Big Five model?
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Which personality trait is linked to characteristics such as being careful, thorough, and hardworking?
Which personality trait is linked to characteristics such as being careful, thorough, and hardworking?
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According to the text, which Big Five factor is beneficial in jobs requiring teamwork?
According to the text, which Big Five factor is beneficial in jobs requiring teamwork?
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Which personality trait is most likely to be advantageous in some job settings?
Which personality trait is most likely to be advantageous in some job settings?
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What is one of the criticisms of trait measures according to the text?
What is one of the criticisms of trait measures according to the text?
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According to the text, what is an important factor in job performance but is only one of many variables that contribute to individual performance?
According to the text, what is an important factor in job performance but is only one of many variables that contribute to individual performance?
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What are people high in Conscientiousness likely to receive more of compared to others?
What are people high in Conscientiousness likely to receive more of compared to others?
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Which personality dimension is related to being helpful, trusting, and sympathetic?
Which personality dimension is related to being helpful, trusting, and sympathetic?
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What did research on the Big Five factors provide stronger evidence for according to the text?
What did research on the Big Five factors provide stronger evidence for according to the text?
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Which Big Five factor is a strong predictor of academic success even before entering the workforce according to the text?
Which Big Five factor is a strong predictor of academic success even before entering the workforce according to the text?
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What did research identify as one of the Big Five factors that highly correlated with academic success even before entering the workforce?
What did research identify as one of the Big Five factors that highly correlated with academic success even before entering the workforce?
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What was proven to be more effective for predicting behaviors according to the text?
What was proven to be more effective for predicting behaviors according to the text?
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What sets the trait approach to personality apart from other approaches?
What sets the trait approach to personality apart from other approaches?
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What is a strength of the trait approach according to the text?
What is a strength of the trait approach according to the text?
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What practical applications have embraced trait measures according to the text?
What practical applications have embraced trait measures according to the text?
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What did Cattell specifically allow to determine the theory according to the text?
What did Cattell specifically allow to determine the theory according to the text?
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Which aspect reduces some of the biases and subjectivity in the trait approach according to the text?
Which aspect reduces some of the biases and subjectivity in the trait approach according to the text?
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What is a unique characteristic of trait theorists compared to founders of most personality theories?
What is a unique characteristic of trait theorists compared to founders of most personality theories?
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What is a primary criticism of the trait approach to personality?
What is a primary criticism of the trait approach to personality?
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Which dimension of the Big Five model is often considered the best predictor of job performance?
Which dimension of the Big Five model is often considered the best predictor of job performance?
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What is a major concern associated with self-report inventories in personality assessment?
What is a major concern associated with self-report inventories in personality assessment?
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What did critics charge about the relationship between traits and behavior?
What did critics charge about the relationship between traits and behavior?
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What is one of the strengths of the trait approach to personality?
What is one of the strengths of the trait approach to personality?
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Which assessment tool is commonly used by trait researchers for self-report inventories?
Which assessment tool is commonly used by trait researchers for self-report inventories?
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What has recent research tended to support regarding the structure of human personality?
What has recent research tended to support regarding the structure of human personality?
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What did trait advocates argue in response to critics' charges about traits not predicting behavior well?
What did trait advocates argue in response to critics' charges about traits not predicting behavior well?
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What is a concern associated with using self-report inventories in personality assessment?
What is a concern associated with using self-report inventories in personality assessment?
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What impact does Conscientiousness have in the business world according to the text?
What impact does Conscientiousness have in the business world according to the text?
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Which psychologist introduced the concepts of central and secondary traits, nomothetic versus idiographic research, and descriptions of the self?
Which psychologist introduced the concepts of central and secondary traits, nomothetic versus idiographic research, and descriptions of the self?
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Who proposed a three-stratum model that includes traits, source traits, and primary traits?
Who proposed a three-stratum model that includes traits, source traits, and primary traits?
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What did the Famous Five personality model propose as the five primary traits?
What did the Famous Five personality model propose as the five primary traits?
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What did Henry Murray identify as the basic elements of personality?
What did Henry Murray identify as the basic elements of personality?
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What did trait psychologists describe people in terms of?
What did trait psychologists describe people in terms of?
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Which personality model is associated with the traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism?
Which personality model is associated with the traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism?
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What assessment methods do trait researchers use to measure personality traits?
What assessment methods do trait researchers use to measure personality traits?
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Which theorist proposed that needs influence behavior depending on their position in a person's need hierarchy and the situation they are in?
Which theorist proposed that needs influence behavior depending on their position in a person's need hierarchy and the situation they are in?
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Which tool is designed to detect a social desirability response tendency that can influence the accuracy of self-reported personality data?
Which tool is designed to detect a social desirability response tendency that can influence the accuracy of self-reported personality data?
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Who is considered the first acknowledged trait theorist in psychology?
Who is considered the first acknowledged trait theorist in psychology?
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What did trait critics argue about the approach's failure to explain?
What did trait critics argue about the approach's failure to explain?
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Which psychologist aimed to identify the basic structure of personality?
Which psychologist aimed to identify the basic structure of personality?
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Study Notes
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Gordon Allport, born in Indiana, felt out of place as a child due to his love for words and lack of interest in games.
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Persuaded by his brother Floyd, Allport attended Harvard and studied psychology, following in his brother's footsteps.
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Allport had different ideas about understanding human behavior than his peers and professors, leading to resistance and silence during a seminar presentation about personality traits.
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Allport went on to a distinguished career at Harvard, promoting the idea of individual differences and personality traits.
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His 1937 book, "Personality: A Psychological Interpretation," outlined his theory and was well received by psychologists.
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In 1929, Allport was elected president of the American Psychological Association.
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In 1964, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association.
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Allport's decision to pursue his own interests in psychology, despite resistance, was a turning point in his career.
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Allport championed the idiographic approach to personality research, focusing on the unique traits of individual people.
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The advantage of this approach is that the person, not the researcher, determines which traits to examine.
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Allport believed that occasionally a single trait could dominate a personality, making the person synonymous with that trait. (e.g., Machiavellian, Homeric, or Don Juan)
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Allport's academic and professional background were shaped by his older brother Floyd, who attended Harvard before him and influenced his academic path.
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Psychologists now use multiple sources for diagnoses and education program recommendations
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Mischel and other critics questioned assumptions of trait approach
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Critics argued that trait measures don't predict behavior as well as claimed
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Personality scores have low correlation with behavior (.30 or .40)
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Personality traits show little consistency across situations
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Early research on honesty in children found intercorrelation of only.23 among measures
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Challenged assumption of cross-situational consistency in traits
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Belief in consistency more "apparent than real"
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Personality and situation interact to determine behavior
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Person-by-situation approach more effective for predicting behavior
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Mischel's criticism: trait scores have low predictive power (explain 10% of behavior variance)
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Personality traits may be less consistent across situations than assumed.
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Raymond Cattell, a renowned psychologist, grew up in Torquay, England, developing a love for the ocean and sailing.
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His childhood was disrupted by World War I and experiences treating wounded soldiers.
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He won a scholarship to the University of London to study chemistry, but opted for psychology after being inspired by a lecture by Cyril Burt.
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Cattell worked as a research assistant for Charles Spearman, who discovered the concept of a general intelligence and developed factor analysis.
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After working in various clinics in England, Cattell was offered a position at Columbia University to work with E.L. Thorndike.
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He later joined the faculty at Harvard University and developed the idea that factor analysis could be used in personality research.
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Cattell spent most of his career at the University of Illinois and published over 56 books and 500 research articles.
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Agreeableness, one of the Five Factor Model dimensions, is characterized by pleasant social interactions and fewer quarrels.
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People high in Conscientiousness are organized, self-disciplined, and tend to have better health habits, leading to longer lifespans.
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The five factors of personality, including Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, emerge in various studies using different indicators of personality.
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The debate about using personality tests to predict success in the workplace shifted with the introduction of the Big Five model (Goldberg, 1993; Landy, Shankster, & Kohler, 1994), focusing on five larger personality dimensions.
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Research on the Big Five factors provided stronger evidence for the relationship between personality and job performance than previously demonstrated (Tett, Jackson, & Rothstein, 1991).
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Conscientiousness is one of the Big Five factors that is a strong predictor of job performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991; Barrick, Mount, & Judge, 2001; Hurtz & Donovan, 2000; Sackett & Walmsley, 2014).
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People high in Conscientiousness are careful, thorough, dependable, organized, and hardworking (Barrick, Mount, & Strauss, 1993).
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Highly conscientious employees set high goals, are committed to reaching them, and are persistent (Barrick, Mount, & Strauss, 1993).
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Highly conscientious employees typically receive higher evaluations, are more likely to be promoted, and receive higher salaries (Judge, Higgins, Thoresen, & Barrick, 1999).
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High scores in Conscientiousness are linked to academic success, even before entering the workforce (Ivcevic & Brackett, 2014; Kappe & van der Flier, 2010; Kling, Noftle, & Robins, 2013; McAbee & Oswald, 2013; Poropat, 2009; Richardson, Abraham, & Bond, 2012).
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Agreeableness is another Big Five factor that is beneficial in the workplace, particularly in jobs requiring teamwork (Sackett & Walmsley, 2014).
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Extraversion and openness to experience can also be advantageous in some job settings (Barrick & Mount, 1991; Caldwell & Burger, 1998; Mount, Barrick, & Strauss, 1994; Tett et al., 1991).
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Personality is an important factor in job performance, but it is only one of many variables that contribute to how well an individual performs.
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The trait approach in psychology is widely used in industrial and organizational settings for hiring and promotion decisions, as well as by job counselors for career matching.
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Trait psychologists describe people in terms of consistent personality traits, but critics argue that the approach fails to explain how traits develop and what can be done about extreme scores.
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Criticisms of the trait approach include the lack of a cohesive framework, as there is no single agreed-upon theory or underlying structure that ties all the theories together.
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Gordon Allport is considered the first acknowledged trait theorist, and he introduced the concepts of central and secondary traits, nomothetic versus idiographic research, and descriptions of the self.
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Henry Murray identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality, proposing that needs influence behavior depending on their position in a person's need hierarchy and the situation they are in.
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Raymond Cattell aimed to identify the basic structure of personality, proposing a three-stratum model that includes traits, source traits, and primary traits.
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Trait researchers use various assessment methods, such as self-report questionnaires, observational methods, and physiological measures, to measure personality traits.
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The Famous Five personality model proposes that there are five primary traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
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The trait approach has generated a significant amount of research in various areas of psychology, including clinical, social, industrial-organizational, educational, and developmental psychology.
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The Impression Management Scale is a tool designed to detect a social desirability response tendency, which can influence the accuracy of self-reported personality data.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Allport's idiographic approach to personality research and its unique perspective on identifying individual traits. Explore the concept by listing the most important traits in a short exercise.
