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What is a characteristic finding in a patient with nasal inflammation during a physical exam?
Which of the following statements regarding medications for nasal inflammation is correct?
Which laboratory test is most likely to show increased eosinophils and basophils in patients with nasal inflammation?
Which symptom is most likely to be associated with post nasal drip caused by nasal inflammation?
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When managing nasal inflammation, which strategy is least beneficial for patients?
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What is the primary reason to monitor for secondary infections in Influenza cases?
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Which of the following statements about Influenza types is true?
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What is the peak transmission risk period for Influenza?
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What is the recommended first-line approach for managing symptoms of influenza?
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What is the typical duration for the self-limiting nature of sinusitis associated with influenza?
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What primary consequence arises from the structural changes in emphysema?
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Which symptom is most characteristic of chronic bronchitis?
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What is the most significant pathophysiological change in chronic bronchitis?
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Which physiological change is NOT typically associated with emphysema?
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What does bronchoscopy primarily allow for in the diagnosis of COPD?
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What occurs as a result of air trapping in emphysema?
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In chronic bronchitis, what underlying process contributes to excessive mucus production?
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Which sign or symptom is indicative of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
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What is indicated by a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio in a patient?
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Which measurement reflects the maximum volume of air that can be inspired into the lungs?
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In obstructive lung diseases such as COPD, what typically happens to the FVC?
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What does a normal FEV1/FVC ratio suggest in a patient with a lung disease?
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Which of the following lung diseases would most likely show a decreased TLC?
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What is the duration of subacute sinusitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a common finding in a physical exam for pharyngitis?
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What treatment is recommended for chronic sinusitis?
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Which type of pneumonia is characterized by its occurrence in patients who are hospitalized?
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What is the primary characteristic of acute bronchitis?
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What is the primary goal in the treatment of pneumonia?
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Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with tuberculosis?
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What should be done if the diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis is uncertain?
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What is a common non-infectious cause of chronic pharyngitis?
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Which treatment is specifically indicated for managing symptoms of viral pharyngitis?
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What is required for a definitive diagnosis of strep throat?
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Uptake of TB bacilli typically occurs in which location in the lungs?
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Which medication is used for nasal decongestion in treating sinusitis?
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What is the common primary cause of acute bronchitis?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Conditions
- Inflammation in nasal tissue often leads to chronic inflammation and congestion.
- Common physical exam findings include nasal congestion, turbinate hypertrophy (boggy and pale), clear drainage, and throat redness due to post nasal drip.
- Lung exams are generally normal and ears should appear unaffected.
- Diagnostic tests might show elevated eosinophils and basophils in CBC; allergy testing can involve skin tests or specific IgE testing.
- Management includes minimizing symptoms, reducing inflammation, limiting medications, and increasing tolerance to triggers.
- Second-generation antihistamines like Zyrtec, Clarinex, and Allegra are preferred for their safety and efficacy in reducing secretions and itching but are ineffective against congestion.
- Decongestants require caution in patients with cardiovascular issues, hypertension, or diabetes, and are essential for all sinusitis cases.
Influenza (Flu)
- Influentially contagious disease, affecting 5-20% of the population annually with approximately 20,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations yearly.
- Influenza types:
- A: Infects both animals and humans; capable of quick mutations.
- B and C: Exclusively human infections.
- Transmission can occur via animal-human contact, contaminated surfaces, or fecal material, with peak risk from 1 day before symptoms to 5-7 days afterward.
- The incubation period is typically 1-4 days.
- Goals of treatment focus on preventing complications like pneumonia and sinusitis, which can occur due to blockages in the sinus mucosa from inflammation.
- Chronic sinusitis and potential bacterial infections are complications, commonly associated with dental abscesses and allergic triggers.
Pharyngitis
- Characterized by inflammation of the pharynx, can be acute bacterial, viral, or chronic (often noninfectious).
- Physical signs include varying throat redness and possible exudate, particularly with strep infections that present with white patches.
- Treatment differs: viral pharyngitis focuses on symptom relief, while bacterial infections require antibiotics like penicillin or erythromycin for patients allergic to penicillin.
- Throat care includes fluids, mouth care, and in bacterial cases, targeted antibiotic therapy.
Lower Respiratory Problems
Acute Bronchitis
- Predominantly viral, characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, lasting up to 3 weeks with symptoms like cough, fever, and malaise.
- Physical exam may reveal rhonchi or crackles, with treatment aimed at symptom relief.
Pneumonia
- Acute lung inflammation from infections, varying types include community-acquired, hospital-acquired, aspiration, and opportunistic pneumonia.
- Symptoms include fever, cough (with or without sputum), chills, and possible shortness of breath, especially in elderly patients.
- Diagnostic tests entail chest X-ray, CBC, and sputum culture, while nursing management focuses on respiratory assessment, medication administration, and patient support.
Tuberculosis
- Chronic infectious disease mostly impacting lungs, marked by inflammatory responses to TB nuclei imprinted in alveoli.
- Pathophysiology includes immune reactions leading to scar and granuloma formation.
Chronic Respiratory Conditions
Chronic Bronchitis
- Defined by excessive mucus production and productive cough lasting over 3 months, with structural airway changes.
- Key symptoms include dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, and tenacious sputum.
Emphysema
- Permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to bronchioles, correlating with bronchial wall destruction.
- Loss of elastic recoil and increased airway resistance lead to symptoms like dyspnea, barrel chest, and accessory muscle use.
Diagnostic Tests for COPD
- Bronchoscopy allows visualization of lungs using a camera to assess and sample lung tissue.
- Chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests (PFT) evaluate lung volumes, highlighting discrepancies in FEV1/FVC ratios indicative of obstructive versus restrictive diseases.
PFT Findings in COPD
- Decreased FEV1 often indicates airflow restriction, with a corresponding lowered FEV1/FVC ratio.
- TLC measures total inspiratory capacity; obstructive patterns reveal air trapping and reduced FEV1 with a decreased ratio.
- Restrictive patterns show decreased FEV1 and FVC while maintaining a normal FEV1/FVC ratio.
General Examination
- Monitoring lung sounds through percussion and auscultation provides additional diagnostic information on respiratory conditions.
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Description
This quiz examines the role of inflammatory cells in nasal tissue and the physical findings indicative of nasal inflammation. It covers key symptoms, diagnostic tests, and clinical features related to allergic responses and their effects on the respiratory system.