Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Overview

<p>Children with both affected parents have a 50% chance of developing allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>School-aged children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation is the primary cause of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximize adverse effects of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unilateral symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning or irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoidance of known allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent nosebleeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of intranasal saline spray or irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound vasodilation and congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic mouth breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Timing and seasonality of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eye Symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overbite</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher effectiveness against nasal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe cases unresponsive to other treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved tolerability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switching to another antihistamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ocular symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should be referred for further assessment if they have unilateral symptoms or signs not typically associated with allergic rhinitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above measures have been shown to effectively reduce allergic symptoms associated with house dust mites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeping air conditioning units on recirculate or the indoor cycle can help reduce mould exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using window or attic fans is recommended to circulate outdoor air and reduce indoor pollen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeping houseplants, which are a common source of mould.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While some measures have been shown to reduce allergen levels, a corresponding reduction in allergic symptoms has not been demonstrated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention is the first step in the management of allergic rhinitis, but little evidence supports individual measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacing old mattresses is unnecessary if they are encased in allergen-proof casings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placing litter boxes in areas connected to the home's air supply is recommended to minimize allergen exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unused saline should be discarded at the end of each day or subjected to heat sterilization before reuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antihistamines are recommended as first-line therapy for moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals affected by occupational rhinitis should minimize or eliminate exposure to common causes such as animal or vegetable proteins, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke, insect sprays, air pollution, and fresh tar or paint should be avoided by all patients with allergic rhinitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal dose, frequency, and delivery method for saline irrigation have been well-established and standardized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are generally recommended over first-generation antihistamines due to their improved adverse effect profile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antihistamines decrease nasal itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, conjunctival itching, and lacrimation, but generally do not relieve nasal congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease or chronic lung disease due to their potential to cause tachycardia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as competitive antagonists for the histamine-1 (H1) receptor and change the receptor's three-dimensional configuration, decreasing its affinity for histamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intranasal antihistamine azelastine is clinically similar to oral second-generation antihistamines for the relief of nasal symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If intranasal corticosteroids are not effective for moderate to severe PAR, combination therapy with intranasal antihistamines is recommended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two meta-analyses demonstrated that intranasal corticosteroids were more effective than antihistamines for relieving congestion and sneezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less effective for symptom reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may worsen nasal congestion in the long term</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to systemic adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic injury risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient evidence for effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Butterbur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical oxymetazoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast is more effective than intranasal corticosteroids for reducing asthma symptoms in patients with coexisting allergic rhinitis and asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intranasal corticosteroids are more effective at reducing nasal congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical decongestants are more effective than oral decongestants for relieving nasal obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment that can modify the natural history of allergic rhinitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saline irrigation can effectively reduce the need for intranasal corticosteroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacing carpets with hard flooring is not an effective measure for reducing animal allergens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beclomethasone, budesonide, and fluticasone propionate have accumulated more safety data than other intranasal corticosteroids during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both first- and second-generation antihistamines are considered safe during breastfeeding, with the potential for infant somnolence being monitored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral decongestants should be avoided in the first trimester, but topical decongestants may be used as they do not present a risk to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Courses of immunotherapy started prior to conception may be continued if beneficial and not causing systemic reactions, but doses should not be increased during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast may be a reasonable option for allergic rhinitis coexisting with asthma during pregnancy, but monitoring for neuropsychiatric adverse effects is warranted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If possible, bilastine and rupatadine should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding as no adequate nor well-controlled studies have taken place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The manufacturer recommends caution when using topical sodium cromoglycate during breastfeeding, although specific information on its use is not available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The American Academy of Pediatrics considers pseudoephedrine to be compatible with breastfeeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers