Allergic Conjunctivitis and Ocular Decongestants
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers?

  • Blocks release of histamine
  • Enhances eosinophil chemotaxis
  • Increases VEGF isoforms
  • Prevents calcium influx, inhibits degranulation and mediator release (correct)

Which of the following anti-allergy medications has a bitter taste?

  • Azelastine (correct)
  • Pemirolast
  • Loratadine
  • Cetirizine

What is the effect of Verteporfin (Visudyne) in photodynamic therapy?

  • Increases VEGF isoforms
  • Enhances eosinophil chemotaxis
  • Selectively damages fibrovascular tissue (correct)
  • Inhibits release of histamine

What is the difference between Nedocromil and Cromolyn sodium?

<p>Nedocromil is more potent than Cromolyn sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Ketotifen?

<p>Inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis and activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known for its use in allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Ketorolac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Loteprednol and Prednisolone?

<p>Loteprednol is an ester, while Prednisolone is not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is a prodrug?

<p>Nepafenac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Bromfenac?

<p>COX2 inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication has a ceiling effect?

<p>Aspirin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications will constrict the pupil in Adie's syndrome?

<p>Pilocarpine 0.1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a beta blocker used in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Pilocarpine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cocaine 10% on Horner's pupil?

<p>It has no effect on the pupil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat blepharospasm and strabismus?

<p>Botox (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?

<p>α2 selective, low dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?

<p>It dilates the pupil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent second-generation antihistamine?

<p>Cetirizine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when using Oxymetazoline as an ocular decongestant?

<p>Angle closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of first-generation antihistamines?

<p>Lipophilic, cross the blood-brain barrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adrenergic receptor targeted by Phenylephrine?

<p>α1 receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of dorzolamide?

<p>Inhibits carbonic anhydrase II and XII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect of apraclonidine?

<p>Dry mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and timolol?

<p>Cosopt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein binding percentage of acetazolamide?

<p>95% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of brimonidine?

<p>Decreases aqueous production via alpha 2 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications has been shown to be more effective at reducing central thickness than aflibercept?

<p>Faricimab-svoa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of AREDS 2 over AREDS 1?

<p>Less chance of lung cancer in smokers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intravitreal implant is non-erodible and contains fluocinolone?

<p>Iluvien (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of pegcetacoplan?

<p>Inhibiting complement C3 and C3b (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion?

<p>Ocriplasmin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?

<p>25% reduction in AMD progression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AREDS 1?

<p>Further reduces AMD progression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dye is fluorescein?

<p>Xanthene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?

<p>Erodible vs non-erodible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of adalimumab (Humira)?

<p>TNF blocker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a bispecific antibody that targets VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2?

<p>Faricimab-svoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using lutein and zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?

<p>Reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the class of local anesthetic that lidocaine belongs to?

<p>Amide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of methotrexate?

<p>Cytotoxic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine A?

<p>Calcineurin inhibitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pilocarpine on the iris?

<p>Permanent miosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Increase in uveoscleral outflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and brimonidine?

<p>Simbrinza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Decrease in aqueous production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of Vuity?

<p>It is used to treat presbyopia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers in ocular pharmacology?

<p>Inhibits calcium influx, prevents degranulation and mediator release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a combination of an antihistamine and a mast cell stabilizer, commonly used in allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Azelastine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of photodynamic therapy with Verteporfin (Visudyne) in retinal and neovascular disease treatment?

<p>To selectively damage fibrovascular tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion and has a longer half-life than its enantiomer cetirizine?

<p>Levocetirizine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pegaptanib (Macugen) in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

<p>Slows vision loss, but does not improve visual acuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Ketorolac in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?

<p>Is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication has a similar mechanism of action to Difluprednate?

<p>Prednisolone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Nepafenac in comparison to other NSAIDs?

<p>It is a prodrug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat ocular pain and has a lower pH for increased penetration?

<p>Bromfenac (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Aspirin in comparison to other analgesics?

<p>It has a ceiling effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Etidocaine?

<p>Increased lipid solubility and protein binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Tetracaine?

<p>PABA, increased lipid solubility and protein binding, and potency and duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Methotrexate?

<p>Treatment of JIA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A?

<p>Calcineurin inhibitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Fluorescein?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ocular decongestants may cause rebound hyperemia and dilation?

<p>Phenylephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines?

<p>Hydrophilic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pilocarpine 0.1% and 0.125% on Adie's pupil?

<p>Will constrict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine?

<p>Cetirizine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?

<p>a2 selective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?

<p>Will dilate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antihistamines is metabolized to Desloratadine?

<p>Loratadine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of omega-3 (DHA) on Retinitis Pigmentosa?

<p>Slows progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Edrophonium (Tensilon Test) on Myasthenia Gravis?

<p>Will improve symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the Mediterranean diet on Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?

<p>Decreases risk by 41% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Eylea in age-related macular degeneration?

<p>Fewer injections are needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Faricimab-svoa in age-related macular degeneration?

<p>It inhibits VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?

<p>It reduces the progression of age-related macular degeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?

<p>Iluvien is non-erodible, while Ozurdex is erodible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Pegcetacoplan in geographic atrophy?

<p>It binds to C3 and C3b (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Lutein and Zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?

<p>They reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Brolucizumab in age-related macular degeneration?

<p>It is a single-chain variable fragment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Ocriplasmin in vitreomacular adhesion?

<p>It resolves vitreomacular adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Triamcinolone in age-related macular degeneration?

<p>It is a corticosteroid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Susvimo in age-related macular degeneration?

<p>It can be refilled, similar to injections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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