Allergic Conjunctivitis and Ocular Decongestants
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers?

  • Blocks release of histamine
  • Enhances eosinophil chemotaxis
  • Increases VEGF isoforms
  • Prevents calcium influx, inhibits degranulation and mediator release (correct)

    • Which of the following anti-allergy medications has a bitter taste?

  • Azelastine (correct)
  • Pemirolast
  • Loratadine
  • Cetirizine

    • What is the effect of Verteporfin (Visudyne) in photodynamic therapy?

  • Increases VEGF isoforms
  • Enhances eosinophil chemotaxis
  • Selectively damages fibrovascular tissue (correct)
  • Inhibits release of histamine

    • What is the difference between Nedocromil and Cromolyn sodium?

    <p>Nedocromil is more potent than Cromolyn sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Ketotifen?

    <p>Inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis and activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known for its use in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Loteprednol and Prednisolone?

    <p>Loteprednol is an ester, while Prednisolone is not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a prodrug?

    <p>Nepafenac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Bromfenac?

    <p>COX2 inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication has a ceiling effect?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications will constrict the pupil in Adie's syndrome?

    <p>Pilocarpine 0.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a beta blocker used in the treatment of glaucoma?

    <p>Pilocarpine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cocaine 10% on Horner's pupil?

    <p>It has no effect on the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to treat blepharospasm and strabismus?

    <p>Botox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?

    <p>α2 selective, low dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?

    <p>It dilates the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent second-generation antihistamine?

    <p>Cetirizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using Oxymetazoline as an ocular decongestant?

    <p>Angle closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of first-generation antihistamines?

    <p>Lipophilic, cross the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adrenergic receptor targeted by Phenylephrine?

    <p>α1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of dorzolamide?

    <p>Inhibits carbonic anhydrase II and XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect of apraclonidine?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and timolol?

    <p>Cosopt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding percentage of acetazolamide?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of brimonidine?

    <p>Decreases aqueous production via alpha 2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications has been shown to be more effective at reducing central thickness than aflibercept?

    <p>Faricimab-svoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of AREDS 2 over AREDS 1?

    <p>Less chance of lung cancer in smokers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravitreal implant is non-erodible and contains fluocinolone?

    <p>Iluvien</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of pegcetacoplan?

    <p>Inhibiting complement C3 and C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion?

    <p>Ocriplasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?

    <p>25% reduction in AMD progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AREDS 1?

    <p>Further reduces AMD progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dye is fluorescein?

    <p>Xanthene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?

    <p>Erodible vs non-erodible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of adalimumab (Humira)?

    <p>TNF blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a bispecific antibody that targets VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2?

    <p>Faricimab-svoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using lutein and zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?

    <p>Reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the class of local anesthetic that lidocaine belongs to?

    <p>Amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of methotrexate?

    <p>Cytotoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine A?

    <p>Calcineurin inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pilocarpine on the iris?

    <p>Permanent miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Increase in uveoscleral outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and brimonidine?

    <p>Simbrinza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Decrease in aqueous production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of Vuity?

    <p>It is used to treat presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers in ocular pharmacology?

    <p>Inhibits calcium influx, prevents degranulation and mediator release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a combination of an antihistamine and a mast cell stabilizer, commonly used in allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Azelastine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of photodynamic therapy with Verteporfin (Visudyne) in retinal and neovascular disease treatment?

    <p>To selectively damage fibrovascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion and has a longer half-life than its enantiomer cetirizine?

    <p>Levocetirizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pegaptanib (Macugen) in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

    <p>Slows vision loss, but does not improve visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Ketorolac in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication has a similar mechanism of action to Difluprednate?

    <p>Prednisolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Nepafenac in comparison to other NSAIDs?

    <p>It is a prodrug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat ocular pain and has a lower pH for increased penetration?

    <p>Bromfenac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Aspirin in comparison to other analgesics?

    <p>It has a ceiling effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Etidocaine?

    <p>Increased lipid solubility and protein binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Tetracaine?

    <p>PABA, increased lipid solubility and protein binding, and potency and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of Methotrexate?

    <p>Treatment of JIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A?

    <p>Calcineurin inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Fluorescein?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ocular decongestants may cause rebound hyperemia and dilation?

    <p>Phenylephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines?

    <p>Hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pilocarpine 0.1% and 0.125% on Adie's pupil?

    <p>Will constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine?

    <p>Cetirizine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?

    <p>a2 selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?

    <p>Will dilate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is metabolized to Desloratadine?

    <p>Loratadine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of omega-3 (DHA) on Retinitis Pigmentosa?

    <p>Slows progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Edrophonium (Tensilon Test) on Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Will improve symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Mediterranean diet on Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?

    <p>Decreases risk by 41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Eylea in age-related macular degeneration?

    <p>Fewer injections are needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Faricimab-svoa in age-related macular degeneration?

    <p>It inhibits VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?

    <p>It reduces the progression of age-related macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?

    <p>Iluvien is non-erodible, while Ozurdex is erodible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Pegcetacoplan in geographic atrophy?

    <p>It binds to C3 and C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using Lutein and Zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?

    <p>They reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Brolucizumab in age-related macular degeneration?

    <p>It is a single-chain variable fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using Ocriplasmin in vitreomacular adhesion?

    <p>It resolves vitreomacular adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Triamcinolone in age-related macular degeneration?

    <p>It is a corticosteroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Susvimo in age-related macular degeneration?

    <p>It can be refilled, similar to injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

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