80 Questions
What is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers?
Prevents calcium influx, inhibits degranulation and mediator release
Which of the following anti-allergy medications has a bitter taste?
Azelastine
What is the effect of Verteporfin (Visudyne) in photodynamic therapy?
Selectively damages fibrovascular tissue
What is the difference between Nedocromil and Cromolyn sodium?
Nedocromil is more potent than Cromolyn sodium
What is the mechanism of action of Ketotifen?
Inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis and activation
Which medication is known for its use in allergic conjunctivitis?
Ketorolac
What is the key difference between Loteprednol and Prednisolone?
Loteprednol is an ester, while Prednisolone is not
Which of the following medications is a prodrug?
Nepafenac
What is the primary mechanism of action for Bromfenac?
COX2 inhibition
Which medication has a ceiling effect?
Aspirin
Which of the following medications will constrict the pupil in Adie's syndrome?
Pilocarpine 0.1%
Which of the following is NOT a beta blocker used in the treatment of glaucoma?
Pilocarpine
What is the effect of cocaine 10% on Horner's pupil?
It has no effect on the pupil
Which of the following medications is used to treat blepharospasm and strabismus?
Botox
What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?
α2 selective, low dose
What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?
It dilates the pupil
Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent second-generation antihistamine?
Cetirizine
What is the primary concern when using Oxymetazoline as an ocular decongestant?
Angle closure
Which of the following is a characteristic of first-generation antihistamines?
Lipophilic, cross the blood-brain barrier
What is the primary adrenergic receptor targeted by Phenylephrine?
α1 receptor
What is the mechanism of action of dorzolamide?
Inhibits carbonic anhydrase II and XII
What is a side effect of apraclonidine?
Dry mouth
What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and timolol?
Cosopt
What is the protein binding percentage of acetazolamide?
95%
What is the mechanism of action of brimonidine?
Decreases aqueous production via alpha 2 receptors
Which of the following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications has been shown to be more effective at reducing central thickness than aflibercept?
Faricimab-svoa
What is the main benefit of AREDS 2 over AREDS 1?
Less chance of lung cancer in smokers
Which intravitreal implant is non-erodible and contains fluocinolone?
Iluvien
What is the mechanism of action of pegcetacoplan?
Inhibiting complement C3 and C3b
Which medication is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion?
Ocriplasmin
What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?
25% reduction in AMD progression
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AREDS 1?
Further reduces AMD progression
What type of dye is fluorescein?
Xanthene
What is the main difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?
Erodible vs non-erodible
What is the mechanism of action of adalimumab (Humira)?
TNF blocker
Which medication is a bispecific antibody that targets VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2?
Faricimab-svoa
What is the main benefit of using lutein and zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?
Reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers
What is the class of local anesthetic that lidocaine belongs to?
Amide
What is the function of methotrexate?
Cytotoxic
What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine A?
Calcineurin inhibitor
What is the effect of pilocarpine on the iris?
Permanent miosis
What is the primary mechanism of action of adrenergic agonists in glaucoma treatment?
Increase in uveoscleral outflow
What is the brand name of the combination of dorzolamide and brimonidine?
Simbrinza
What is the primary mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in glaucoma treatment?
Decrease in aqueous production
What is the unique characteristic of Vuity?
It is used to treat presbyopia
What is the primary mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers in ocular pharmacology?
Inhibits calcium influx, prevents degranulation and mediator release
Which medication is a combination of an antihistamine and a mast cell stabilizer, commonly used in allergic conjunctivitis?
Azelastine
What is the purpose of photodynamic therapy with Verteporfin (Visudyne) in retinal and neovascular disease treatment?
To selectively damage fibrovascular tissue
Which of the following medications is used to treat vitreomacular adhesion and has a longer half-life than its enantiomer cetirizine?
Levocetirizine
What is the characteristic of pegaptanib (Macugen) in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
Slows vision loss, but does not improve visual acuity
What is the characteristic of Ketorolac in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?
Is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Which medication has a similar mechanism of action to Difluprednate?
Prednisolone
What is the characteristic of Nepafenac in comparison to other NSAIDs?
It is a prodrug
Which medication is used to treat ocular pain and has a lower pH for increased penetration?
Bromfenac
What is the characteristic of Aspirin in comparison to other analgesics?
It has a ceiling effect
What is the primary mechanism of action of Etidocaine?
Increased lipid solubility and protein binding
What is the characteristic of Tetracaine?
PABA, increased lipid solubility and protein binding, and potency and duration
What is the use of Methotrexate?
Treatment of JIA
What is the mechanism of action of Cyclosporine A?
Calcineurin inhibitor
What is the characteristic of Fluorescein?
All of the above
Which of the following ocular decongestants may cause rebound hyperemia and dilation?
Phenylephrine
What is the primary characteristic of 2nd generation antihistamines?
Hydrophilic
What is the effect of pilocarpine 0.1% and 0.125% on Adie's pupil?
Will constrict
Which of the following antihistamines is known for causing drowsiness and is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine?
Cetirizine
What is the primary mechanism of action of Brimonidine in ocular decongestants?
a2 selective
What is the effect of apraclonidine 1% on Horner's pupil?
Will dilate
Which of the following antihistamines is metabolized to Desloratadine?
Loratadine
What is the effect of omega-3 (DHA) on Retinitis Pigmentosa?
Slows progression
What is the effect of Edrophonium (Tensilon Test) on Myasthenia Gravis?
Will improve symptoms
What is the effect of the Mediterranean diet on Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?
Decreases risk by 41%
What is the primary benefit of using Eylea in age-related macular degeneration?
Fewer injections are needed
What is the mechanism of action of Faricimab-svoa in age-related macular degeneration?
It inhibits VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2
What is the benefit of combining AREDS 1 with other medications?
It reduces the progression of age-related macular degeneration
What is the primary difference between Iluvien and Ozurdex?
Iluvien is non-erodible, while Ozurdex is erodible
What is the mechanism of action of Pegcetacoplan in geographic atrophy?
It binds to C3 and C3b
What is the benefit of using Lutein and Zeaxanthin in AREDS 2?
They reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers
What is the primary mechanism of action of Brolucizumab in age-related macular degeneration?
It is a single-chain variable fragment
What is the benefit of using Ocriplasmin in vitreomacular adhesion?
It resolves vitreomacular adhesion
What is the primary mechanism of action of Triamcinolone in age-related macular degeneration?
It is a corticosteroid
What is the primary benefit of using Susvimo in age-related macular degeneration?
It can be refilled, similar to injections
Test your knowledge of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, its effects, and the medications used to treat it, including ocular decongestants like phenylephrine and imidazole derivatives.
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