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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function a virus must accomplish in order to proliferate?
What is the primary function a virus must accomplish in order to proliferate?
- Produce mRNA that can be translated by host ribosomes. (correct)
- Manufacture proteins independently.
- Synthesize ATP for energy.
- Develop specialized organelles for replication.
Viruses are classified as living organisms due to their ability to reproduce independently.
Viruses are classified as living organisms due to their ability to reproduce independently.
False (B)
What is the outermost protein coat of a virus called, and what is its function?
What is the outermost protein coat of a virus called, and what is its function?
capsid, to enter any cell
Viruses can have either DNA or ______ as their genetic material.
Viruses can have either DNA or ______ as their genetic material.
Match the following virus structures with their descriptions:
Match the following virus structures with their descriptions:
Which of the characteristics listed is NOT a trait of non-living aspects of viruses?
Which of the characteristics listed is NOT a trait of non-living aspects of viruses?
All viruses contain both DNA and RNA as their genetic material.
All viruses contain both DNA and RNA as their genetic material.
According to viral classification, what are the four ways to group viruses?
According to viral classification, what are the four ways to group viruses?
The 'lock and key mechanism' in viral attachment refers to the viral tropism, which is the specific _______ between the virus and host cell receptors.
The 'lock and key mechanism' in viral attachment refers to the viral tropism, which is the specific _______ between the virus and host cell receptors.
Connect the viral infection stages with their description:
Connect the viral infection stages with their description:
What enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA to DNA, a process which can disrupt the host's genomic DNA?
What enzyme do retroviruses use to convert their RNA to DNA, a process which can disrupt the host's genomic DNA?
Antivirals work by directly killing viruses, similar to how antibiotics work on bacteria.
Antivirals work by directly killing viruses, similar to how antibiotics work on bacteria.
Name the structure that viruses with a head and tail can only infect.
Name the structure that viruses with a head and tail can only infect.
In the lysogenic cycle, viral DNA inserts itself into the host's DNA and remains ________ for an extended period.
In the lysogenic cycle, viral DNA inserts itself into the host's DNA and remains ________ for an extended period.
Pair each viral infection outcome with its correct description:
Pair each viral infection outcome with its correct description:
Which of these is a way viruses can be transmitted?
Which of these is a way viruses can be transmitted?
Viruses are capable of independent growth and development.
Viruses are capable of independent growth and development.
What is one example of a virus that's enveloped?
What is one example of a virus that's enveloped?
The lactic cycle results in the break of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves the virus integrating with the _______ cell.
The lactic cycle results in the break of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves the virus integrating with the _______ cell.
Match the type of virus with its description.
Match the type of virus with its description.
If a virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome but remains inactive for a long period, what type of viral infection is this?
If a virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome but remains inactive for a long period, what type of viral infection is this?
Viruses are able to respond to stimuli in their environment.
Viruses are able to respond to stimuli in their environment.
What is the first step of a viral infection?
What is the first step of a viral infection?
Viruses in the lactic cycle that results in new viruses assembled inside the host cell will then _______ open releasing new viruses.
Viruses in the lactic cycle that results in new viruses assembled inside the host cell will then _______ open releasing new viruses.
Match the viral infection outcome with its description:
Match the viral infection outcome with its description:
What is the role of vaccines in preventing viral infections?
What is the role of vaccines in preventing viral infections?
The primary goal of any virus is to synthesize its own proteins using its own ribosomes.
The primary goal of any virus is to synthesize its own proteins using its own ribosomes.
What does the lytic cycle cause?
What does the lytic cycle cause?
The transmission of viruses can occur through ___________ or sexual activity.
The transmission of viruses can occur through ___________ or sexual activity.
Match the treatment with the type it is.
Match the treatment with the type it is.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a persistent viral infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a persistent viral infection?
Viruses have the ability to metabolize nutrients and produce their own energy (ATP).
Viruses have the ability to metabolize nutrients and produce their own energy (ATP).
Can the lytic cycle switch to the lysogenic cycle, or can the lysogenic cycle switch to the lytic cycle?
Can the lytic cycle switch to the lysogenic cycle, or can the lysogenic cycle switch to the lytic cycle?
The process by which viral DNA is copied within a host cell is known as viral ___________.
The process by which viral DNA is copied within a host cell is known as viral ___________.
Select the stage that correctly proceeds by the numbered order
Select the stage that correctly proceeds by the numbered order
Which outcome of a viral infection involves the virus crossing the nucleus and integrating with your genome?
Which outcome of a viral infection involves the virus crossing the nucleus and integrating with your genome?
Once a virus infects a host cell, it has no effect on the host's genes.
Once a virus infects a host cell, it has no effect on the host's genes.
Give two examples on how viral diseases can spread.
Give two examples on how viral diseases can spread.
When conditions are favorable for a virus, (e.g. the immune system is _______) the virus will enter the lactic cycle
When conditions are favorable for a virus, (e.g. the immune system is _______) the virus will enter the lactic cycle
Match the following words with their scientific pairing.
Match the following words with their scientific pairing.
Flashcards
What is a virus?
What is a virus?
Infectious particle containing either DNA or RNA, capable of infecting cells.
What is a Capsid?
What is a Capsid?
The outer protein coat of a virus, essential for entering a host cell.
Goal of Virus (genetics)
Goal of Virus (genetics)
Viruses need host ribosomes to translate mRNA, enabling the production of more viruses.
Non-living characteristics of viruses
Non-living characteristics of viruses
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Living characteristics of viruses
Living characteristics of viruses
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Virus classification criteria
Virus classification criteria
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Viruses (Structure with head and tail)
Viruses (Structure with head and tail)
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Viral attachment requirements
Viral attachment requirements
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Viral infection steps
Viral infection steps
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Outcomes of Viral Infections
Outcomes of Viral Infections
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Lytic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
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Lysogenic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
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What are retroviruses?
What are retroviruses?
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Lytic cycle steps
Lytic cycle steps
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Stages of Lysogenic Cycle
Stages of Lysogenic Cycle
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Viral disease transmission
Viral disease transmission
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Pathogenic
Pathogenic
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Carcinogenic viruses
Carcinogenic viruses
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Virus treatment
Virus treatment
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Antivirals
Antivirals
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Study Notes
- Viruses are infectious particles
- Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material
- Viruses must infect a living host to reproduce
- Viruses can affect genes
Virus Structure
- Genetic material inside a virus can be single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA
- The protein coat outside a virus, called a capsid, is key to entering a cell
Viral Genetics
- The goal of a virus is to make mRNA that can be translated by host ribosomes
Traits
- Viruses lack cells, cannot respond to stimuli, have no energy (ATP), do not grow or develop and cannot reproduce on their own
- Viruses have genetic material (RNA/DNA), reproduce within a host, and have organization to make viral proteins
Classification
- Viruses are classified based on morphology (shape/structures), what they infect (plants, animals, bacteria), genetic composition (DNA, RNA, single or double-stranded), and pathology (nature of the disease, such as being deadly, inconvenient, or highly contagious)
Structures
- Viruses with a structure with a head and tail can only infect bacteria
- Helical viruses, like Tobacco mosaic virus, include RNA and a capsomere of capsid
- Enveloped viruses, like Influenza virus, contain a membranous envelope, RNA, a Capsid and glycoprotein
Attachment & Infection
- Viruses must find the correct receptor on cells
- Viruses use a lock and key mechanism for attachment
Viral infection
- A lock and key mechanism, also known as tropism, allows a virus to attach
- After attachment, penetration, transcription, translation, genome replication, assembly, and release occur
Outcomes of a viral infection
- Lysis (break) of cells can occur as a result of a viral infection
- Persistent infections may occur, where the virus stays inside and makes the cell sick
- Latent infections may occur, where the virus crosses the nucleus and integrates with a genome
Retroviruses
- Retroviruses can convert RNA to DNA and contain a special enzyme called reverse transcriptase that affect host genomic DNA
Viral Replication
- The lactic cycle is when a virus breaks open a host cell, whereas the lysogenic cycle is when a virus integrates with a host cell, and viruses can switch between these cycles
Lactic Cycle Steps
- Viral DNA is injected into a host cell
- A host cell replicates viral DNA and makes the viral capsid (protein coat)
- New viruses are assembled inside a host cell, and then the cell bursts open, releasing the new viruses
Lysogenic Cycle Steps
- Viral DNA is injected into a host cell
- Viral DNA inserts itself into a host's DNA and remains inactive for days, months, or years
- As the cell reproduces, more cells are produced that have viral DNA in them
Transmission
- Eventually, when conditions are favorable (like when an immune system is weakened), the virus will enter the lytic cycle
Viral Disease transmission
- Infections can spread through bites, physical/sexual contact, body fluids, from mother to child, and through contact in the air or environmental exposure
- Pathogenic viruses cannot reproduce unless they attack another cell
- Carcinogenic viruses can cause irreparable genetic damage, like HPV & cervical cancer, Hepatitis B & C & liver cancer, and T lymphotropic & Leukemia
Treatment
- Antibiotics do not work on viruses
- Antivirals are specific for infections and prevent viruses from infecting cells
- Tamiflu and Relenza are antivirals
- A healthy immune system with rest and antioxidants can fight viruses
- Vaccines are taken beforehand to prevent infection and start by introducing the immune system to viral recognition signals
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Description
Explore viruses: infectious particles with DNA or RNA that infect hosts to reproduce. Learn about virus structure, genetic material (RNA/DNA), and protein coats (capsids). Discover viral genetics, the goal of viruses to make mRNA, their traits, and classification based on morphology, host, and genetic composition.
