Alkanes, Organic Compounds and IUPAC Nomenclature

• The exercises cover organic and inorganic compounds, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, structural formulas, condensed structural formulas, IUPAC naming, and isomers.

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

• Organic compounds include CH4, CH2OH, C12H22O12
• Inorganic compounds include NaCl, CaCO3, H2O, CO2

Alkanes

• Alkanes are hydrocarbons with single bonds.
• Methane (n=1): Molecular formula is CH4, Condensed Structural Formula is CH4.
• Ethane (n=2): Molecular formula is C2H6, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH3.
• Propane (n=3): Molecular formula is C3H8, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH3.
• Butane (n=4): Molecular formula is C4H10, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH3.
• Pentane (n=5): Molecular formula is C5H12, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3.
• Hexane (n=6): Molecular formula is C6H14, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.
• Heptane (n=7): Molecular formula is C7H16, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.
• Octane (n=8): Molecular formula is C8H18, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.
• Nonane (n=9): Molecular formula is C9H20, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.
• Decane (n=10): Molecular formula is C10H22, Condensed Structural Formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.

Alkenes

• Alkenes are hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• Methene (n=1): Does not exist because you need at least two carbons to form a double bond.
• Ethene (n=2): Molecular formula is C2H4.
• Propene (n=3): Molecular formula is C3H6.
• Butene (n=4): Molecular formula is C4H8.
• Pentene (n=5): Molecular formula is C5H10.

Alkynes

• Alkynes are hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Methyne (n=1): Does not exist because you need at least two carbons to form a triple bond.
• Ethyne (n=2): Molecular formula is C2H2.
• Propyne (n=3): Molecular formula is C3H4.
• Butyne (n=4): Molecular formula is C4H6.
• Pentyne (n=5): Molecular formula is C5H8.

Identifying Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups

• Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Alkanes have only single bonds.
• Ethene contains a double bond.
• Alkynes contain a triple bond.

Determining Names, Molecular Formulas, and Families of Hydrocarbons

• Heptane: Molecular formula is C7H16, Family of HC is Alkane.
• C3H8: Name is Propane, Family of HC is Alkane.
• Alkyne, n=2: Name is Ethyne, Molecular formula is C2H2.
• Alkene, n=5: Name is Pentene, Molecular formula is C5H10.
• C4H8: Name is Butene, Family of HC is Alkene.

Hydrocarbon Examples

• Second alkene:
  • Name: Propene
  • Molecular formula: C3H6
• Alkyne, n=3:
  • Name: Propyne
  • Molecular formula: C3H4
• Alkene, n=4 (functional group on carbon one):
  • Name: 1-Butene
  • Molecular formula: C4H8
• Second alkyne:
  • Name: Butyne
  • Molecular formula: C4H6
• Alkane with 10 hydrogen atoms:
  • Name: Butane
  • Molecular formula: C4H10
• Hydrocarbon with a total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms that equals 14:
  • Example: Propene has 3 carbons and 6 hydrogens, and Butane has 4 carbons and 10 hydrogens.

IUPAC Naming

• IUPAC nomenclature provides a systematic way to name organic compounds.
• Identify the longest continuous carbon chain.
• Number the chain to give substituents the lowest possible numbers.
• Name the substituents and list them alphabetically.

Isomers

• Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
• C7H16 (Heptane) has 9 structural isomers.
• C6H14 (Hexane) has 5 structural isomers.