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Questions and Answers
Which of the following families are typically free from alkaloids?
Which of the following families are typically free from alkaloids?
Which type of amine is relatively rare in alkaloids?
Which type of amine is relatively rare in alkaloids?
What is the primary function of alkaloids in plants?
What is the primary function of alkaloids in plants?
Which of the following alkaloids acts as a sympathomimetic?
Which of the following alkaloids acts as a sympathomimetic?
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Which classification of alkaloids is based on the biogenetic pathway involved in their formation?
Which classification of alkaloids is based on the biogenetic pathway involved in their formation?
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Which group of alkaloids possesses both local anesthetic and anticholinergic properties?
Which group of alkaloids possesses both local anesthetic and anticholinergic properties?
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Which alkaloid shows an activity against the AIDS virus HIV?
Which alkaloid shows an activity against the AIDS virus HIV?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pyridine alkaloids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Pyridine alkaloids?
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Which of the following alkaloids is primarily used as a miotic eyedrop and in the treatment of glaucoma?
Which of the following alkaloids is primarily used as a miotic eyedrop and in the treatment of glaucoma?
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Which alkaloid group is known for its potentially toxic effects to humans?
Which alkaloid group is known for its potentially toxic effects to humans?
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Which of the following represents a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid?
Which of the following represents a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid?
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Which alkaloid group is famous for its strong analgesic and narcotic properties?
Which alkaloid group is famous for its strong analgesic and narcotic properties?
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Which of these alkaloids is NOT a derivative of the indole alkaloid basic skeleton?
Which of these alkaloids is NOT a derivative of the indole alkaloid basic skeleton?
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Which of the following alkaloids is a CNS stimulant?
Which of the following alkaloids is a CNS stimulant?
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Which alkaloid group is used to treat inflammatory, rheumatic, and gastrointestinal disorders?
Which alkaloid group is used to treat inflammatory, rheumatic, and gastrointestinal disorders?
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Flashcards
Alkaloids
Alkaloids
Natural organic nitrogenous bases found primarily in plants, containing at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring.
Alkaloid classification
Alkaloid classification
Alkaloids are classified by nitrogen-containing structures, biogenetic pathways, and botanical sources.
Functions of alkaloids
Functions of alkaloids
Alkaloids serve defense mechanisms, are pharmacologically active, and can have CNS effects, among other roles.
Rich families in alkaloids
Rich families in alkaloids
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Biogenetic pathways
Biogenetic pathways
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Tropane Alkaloids
Tropane Alkaloids
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Piperidine Alkaloids
Piperidine Alkaloids
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Quinolidine Alkaloid
Quinolidine Alkaloid
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Indolizidine Alkaloids
Indolizidine Alkaloids
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Pyridine Alkaloids
Pyridine Alkaloids
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Ergot Alkaloids
Ergot Alkaloids
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Purine Alkaloids
Purine Alkaloids
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Modified Benzyl Tetrahydroisoquinoline
Modified Benzyl Tetrahydroisoquinoline
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Indole Alkaloids
Indole Alkaloids
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Imidazole Alkaloids
Imidazole Alkaloids
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Study Notes
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are natural organic nitrogenous bases
- Primarily found in plants, but also in microorganisms and animals
- Contain at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring
- Physiologically active
- Nitrogen atoms are usually secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines (less commonly primary)
- Classified by the basic nitrogen-containing structures (e.g., piperidine, quinoline, indole)
- Dicots are richer in alkaloids than monocots
- Families rich in alkaloids: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Papaveraceae
- Families free of alkaloids: Rosaceae, Labiatae
Functions of Alkaloids
- Defense mechanisms, acting as sources of nitrogen or waste
- Mostly have various pharmacological activities
- Central Nervous System (CNS) effects: depressants (morphine), stimulants (caffeine)
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) effects: sympathomimetic (ephedrine), sympatholytic (yohimbine), parasympathomimetic (pilocarpine), anticholinergic (atropine), ganglioplegic (nicotine)
- Other activities: anesthesia (cocaine), treatment of fibrilation (quinidine), antitumor (vinblastine), antimalarial (quinine), antibacterial (berberine), amebicide (emetine)
- Starting materials for drug synthesis
Classification of Alkaloids
- Biogenetic classification: based on the biogenetic pathway (e.g., acetate pathway, shikimate pathway)
- Botanical classification: based on the plant source
- Classification by type of amine: primary, secondary, tertiary alkaloids
Basic Alkaloid Skeletons & examples of Alkaloids
- Numerous structures showing various alkaloids
- Quinoline, Quinazoline, Isoquinoline, Pyrrolidine, Pyridine, Indole, Imidazole, Purine, Isoquinoline, Tropane, Piperidine, Pyrrolizidine, Quinoline, Lupinine
Tropane Alkaloids
- Contain a tropane ring structure.
- Local anesthetic
- Mostly used as drugs of abuse generating stimulation and euphoria, but causes depression and dependence.
- Examples include Hyoscyamine and Cocaine
- Hyoscyamine has anticholinergic activity, used for antispasmodic and motion sickness prevention.
Piperidine Alkaloids
- Contain a piperidine ring
- Examples include Lobelins; they relieve asthma and bronchitis.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- Contain a pyrrolizidine ring
- Cause inflammatory, rheumatic, & gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
Quinoline Alkaloids
- Contain a quinoline ring
- Potentially toxic to humans (e.g., sparteine, cytisine, lupinine)
Indoline Alkaloids
- Active against AIDS virus HIV (e.g., Swainsonine, castanospermine)
Pyridine Alkaloids
- Example: Nicotine
- Respiratory stimulant/depressant
- Used in nicotine patches to help with smoking cessation
Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids
- Example: Anhalamine, Lophocerine
- Examples of the alkaloids involved in the tetrahydroisoquinoline pathway
Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids
- Example: Papaverine
- Used in expectorants and for male impotence
Modified Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids
- Examples: morphine, codeine, thebaine (paramorphine)
- Powerful analgesic and narcotic
Indole Alkaloids
- Examples: reserpine, deserpidine, vinblastine, vincristine
- Often found in the plants Rauwolfia serpentina and Vinca minor
- Used in various medicinal applications.
Ergot Alkaloids
- Examples: lysergic acid, ergometrine, ergotamine
- Ergot alkaloids are complex and are used in medicine.
Imidazole Alkaloids
- Example: Pilocarpine
- Used as a miotic eye drop and treatment for glaucoma
Purine Alkaloids
- Examples: Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline
- Caffeine is a CNS stimulant and a weak diuretic
- Theobromine is a diuretic and smooth muscle relaxant
- Theophylline is a smooth muscle relaxant for bronchospasm relief
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Description
This quiz explores alkaloids, highlighting their classification, natural occurrence in plants, and physiological effects. Learn about their pharmacological activities and roles within various systems in the body. Test your knowledge on the families rich in alkaloids and their functions.
