Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology

<p>Antineoplastic agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found exclusively in terrestrial plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vinca alkaloids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkaloid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solanine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ephedrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A newly identified species of Amazonian frog. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swainsonine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonyaulax. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To selectively protonate and deprotonate the alkaloids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indole structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has two additional ethyl groups, making it approximately 100 times more potent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ergine (d-lysergic acid amide) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contained a diverse range of alkaloids with various medicinal properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structure is too complex to efficiently synthesize. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They interfere with the action of serotonin, potentially causing hallucinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hodgkin's lymphoma typically begins in the upper body, while non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can arise in lymph nodes throughout the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exacerbation of the bacterial infection by suppressing the immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamic acid metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has been shown to cause severe birth defects in animal studies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic alkaloids are cheaper to produce and can overcome quinine supply limitations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relative humidity during bark storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childhood leukemias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic drugs have been developed as alternatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A double carbon ring with one nitrogen atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poppy seeds may contain trace amounts of opium alkaloids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was initially for malaria, then repurposed for other conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two molecules of tyrosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetaminophen or aspirin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochloride salt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong muscle convulsions, high-blood pressure, combined with hyperventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrusion of toxic skin secretions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Much weaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium channels affecting muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A &gt; B &gt; C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Families like Papaveraceae, Solanaceae, and Rubiaceae contain high levels of alkaloids.

An alkaloid with exocyclic nitrogen found in the group of aliphatic amines.

Types of alkaloids that include Pausine and cadonocarpine.

A class of alkaloids that includes compounds like Integerine.

Includes compounds like nicotine and coniine, known for their psychoactive effects.

Alkaloids like atropine and cocaine; known for their pharmacological effects.

Class of antineoplastic agents including vinblastine and vincristine.

Includes groups like Indole (serotonin, DMT) and Phenethylamine (amphetamine), affecting mood.

Naturally occurring amines produced by plants, animals, and fungi with pharmacological effects.

Alkaloids are found in about 15% of plants and some animals and fungi.

Many alkaloids have medicinal uses such as analgesics and are sometimes poisonous.

A type of alkaloid with important biological activities isolated from various organisms.

Alkaloids are synthesized from amino acids like phenylalanine and tryptophan.

An alkaloid derived from Papaver somniferum used as a powerful analgesic.

Some alkaloids like saxitoxin are toxic and can cause harm.

Some alkaloids, such as swainsonine, are being tested as anti-cancer drugs.

A potent psychedelic compound also known as d-lysergic acid diethylamide.

A natural alkaloid also known as d-lysergic acid amide found in morning glories.

A double carbon-nitrogen ring found in psychedelic alkaloids and serotonin.

A psychoactive compound found in specific mushrooms, causing hallucinations.

A potent antileukemic drug derived from Vinca rosea, used in cancer treatment.

A plant known for its alkaloids that treat diabetes and contain anticancer properties.

Hallucinations, delusions, and visions caused by substances like LSD and psilocybin.

An opioid used for pain relief, available alone or with acetaminophen/aspirin.

A semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine, has high addiction potential.

A neurotoxic alkaloid from salamanders that causes muscle convulsions.

A species of poison dart frog known for its skin toxins, including pumiliotoxins.

Toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs, less toxic than batrachotoxins.

A highly toxic substance produced by Phyllobates frogs.

Cell structures that pumiliotoxins affect, leading to paralysis or death.

A condition where the body becomes less responsive to opioids over time.

A plant historically significant in malaria treatment.

Main quinoline alkaloid in Cinchona for malaria.

An aminoquinolone developed for malaria in the 1940s.

An antimalarial drug developed after Chloroquine.

A class of alkaloids with a double carbon ring and nitrogen.

Source of isoquinoline alkaloids like morphine.

Alkaloids from opium that are narcotic.

A chemotherapy drug primarily used for treating Hodgkin's disease and some lymphomas.

Cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, causing abnormal growth of lymphocytes.

A type of cancer in the lymph system characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Vinblastine's half-life in the bloodstream is 24 hours, meaning it takes this long for half of the drug to be removed.

Alkaloids obtained from Cinchona bark, including quinine, used for treating malaria.

Common side effects include hair loss, nausea, lowered blood cell counts, and mouth sores.